Male Reproductive System Quiz

Male Reproductive System

• Review the presentation slides
• Complete the quizzes
• Important male organs and functions

Sexual Reproduction

• Involves two parents to produce genetically unique offspring
• Sperm are small and motile, primarily DNA
• Eggs are large and nutrient-rich
• Humans are classified by sex chromosomes (XY for male, XX for female)

Reproductive System Overview

• The female system produces eggs
• The female system receives sperm
• Fertilization happens in the fallopian tubes
• The fetus develops in the uterus
• The baby is born
• The male system produces and delivers sperm
• Sperm travels through the male reproductive system
• Sperm is constantly generated
• Kidneys, and adolescent organs function constantly
• The female system stores sperm

Reproductive System Overview (Page 4)

• Primary sex organs include testes (produce sperm)
• Secondary sex organs include ducts, glands and penis (storage, survival and transport of sperm)
• Females' secondary sex organs include uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (fertilization and fetal development)

External and Internal Genitalia

• External genitalia are visible
• Internal genitalia are located in the pelvic region
• Male external genitalia include penis and scrotum
• Female external genitalia include vulva
• Internal genitalia are found in the pelvic cavity (uterus, ovaries)

Secondary Sex Characteristics

• Develop during adolescence
• Distinguish between sexes, and attract mates
• Include pubic/axillary hair, male facial hair, female breasts, body fat distribution, muscularity, and voice pitch

Male Genital Organs

• Diagram of male genital organs, including Bladder, urethra, vas deferens, and prostate gland.

Male Perineum

• Describes the regions (triangles) of the perineum
• Includes diagram for surface topography

Scrotum

• Houses the testes
• Divided into two compartments (internal septum)
• Marked externally by the perineal raphe
• Contains cremaster muscles
• Plays a role in regulating testicular temperature

Scrotum (page 10)

• Houses the spermatic cord
• Spermatic cord includes blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, connective tissue and the ductus deferens
• The cord passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity

Scrotum (page 11)

• Regulates testicular temperature at 35°C
• Mechanisms include cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus

Testis

• Oval-shaped organs (4 cm x 3 cm x 2.5 cm)
• Covered by tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
• Divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules for sperm production
• Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
• Develops near the kidneys, then enters the inguinal canal and descends into the scrotum.

Testis (page 14)

• Tubules lined with germinal epithelium (germ cells and sustentacular cells)
• Sustentacular cells provide nutrients, blood-testis barrier (BTB), secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein
• Interstitial cells (Leydig) secrete testosterone
• Rete testis: network for sperm transport, maturing sperm before it moves to the epididymis

Testis (page 15)

• Arterial supply: Testicular artery (abdominal aorta)
• Low blood flow and oxygenation
• Venous drainage: Pampiniform plexus (cools arterial blood)
• Veins drain into: right - inferior vena cava; left - left renal vein

Ducts

• Sperm travels through several ducts: efferent ductules, duct of the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
• Sperm matures and stores in epididymis
• Ductus deferens is a muscular tube that extends from the epididymis to the urethra
• Contains several ampulla, where it connects with the seminal vesicle duct.
• The urethra is a shared pathway for urinary and reproductive systems

Accessory Glands

• Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
• Contribute to semen production and reproductive function
• Secretions include fluids for sperm, nutrients, and protection
• Prostate gland is a common site of urogenital dysfunction in older men.
• Bulbourethral glands lubricate the penis (neutralizing acidity in residual urine)

Penis

• Deposits semen into the vagina
• Composed of erectile tissues (corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa)
• Function in erection (dilation of arteries, filling of lacunae w/ blood, swelling and elongation, due to parasympathetic activation.)
• Covered by foreskin (prepuce)

Female Reproductive System

• Introduction to the female reproductive system

Reproductive System Overview (page 23)

• Classification of genitalia (external and internal)
• Male and Female genitalia are similar and have homologous structures

Ovary

• Produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones
• Capsule called tunica albuginea
• Divided into medulla and cortex regions
• Site of follicle development and ovulation

Ovary (page 26)

• Supported by ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium
• Receives blood from ovarian branches of uterine artery, and ovarian artery (via suspensory ligament)

Ovary (page 28)

• Oogenesis is the process of egg production, involving meiosis to produce haploid gametes.
• Occurs in a rhythmic pattern called the ovarian cycle
• Produces one functional gamete from each germ cell (oogonium), while the other daughter cells become polar bodies (degenerate).

Ovary (page 29)

• Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle
• Follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte
• Formation of corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum releases progesterone to prepare uterus for potential pregnancy
• Involution of corpus luteum; becomes corpus albicans, if no pregnancy occurs, if pregnancy occurs, it remains active
• These ovarian events are synchronized with uterine histology changes.

Uterine Tubes

• Fallopian tubes
• Transport egg from ovary to uterus
• Infundibulum and fimbriae are at their distal end
• Ciliated and smooth muscle cells move oocyte toward uterus

Uterus

• Thick, muscular chamber in pelvic cavity, supporting fetus during pregnancy
• Harboring fetus; providing nutrition via placenta and expelling fetus
• Has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
• Endometrium; two layers (functional and basalis)
• Plays a role in the menstrual cycle, and embryo attachment

Uterus (page 32 & 33)

• Shape: pear-shaped with fundus (broad superior curvature), body (corpus), and cervix (narrow inferior end)
• Contains the cervical canal
• Opens into the vagina via internal and external os
• Cervical glands secrete mucus; regulates sperm passage near ovulation

Uterus (page 34)

• The uterine wall consists of perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle, smooth muscle), and endometrium (inner, mucosa)
• Two layers of endometrium: functionalis (sheds during menstruation), and basalis (regenerative)

Uterus (page 35)

• Supported by various peritoneal folds
• Including broad ligament(mesosalpinx, mesometrium), cardinal ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, and round ligaments.

Uterus (page 36)

• Peritoneum creates vesicouterine and rectouterine pouches.

Uterus (page 37)

• Blood supply crucial for menstrual cycle and pregnancy
• Uterine arteries branch from internal iliac arteries; travel through broad ligament to the uterus

Uterus (page 38)

• Phases of uterine histology during menstrual cycle: proliferative (Days 6-14), secretory (Days 15-26), and premenstrual/menstrual (Days 26-28)
• Endometrial tissue rebuilds/thickens during proliferative phase
• Glands grow larger and coil, accumulating glycogen during secretory phase, making endometrium prepared for potential implantation (5-6 mm)

Uterus (page 39)

• Premenstrual phase (Days 26-28)
• Corpus luteum involuates, causing spiral artery spasms
• Leading to ischemia, necrosis, and degeneration of the stratum functionalis
• Necrotic tissue and blood form menstrual fluid and are discharged in menstrual phase (Day 1)

Vagina

• 8-10 cm tube with muscular and distensible walls. Facilitates intercourse, childbirth, and menstrual discharge.
• No glands; lubricated by transudation and cervical mucus
• Composed of three layers: adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa
• Features rugae (ridges) for stimulation during intercourse
• Hymen (membrane at vaginal orifice), often ruptured during sexual intercourse

External Genitalia

• Collective term for vulva or pudendum
• Includes mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
• Contains erectile tissues and glands
• Homologous to male structures