Male and Female Reproductive System Quiz

Male Reproductive System

• Key takeaway: Read the presentation and complete the quizzes.
• Important male organs and functions are discussed.
• Location of important structures is marked.

Sexual Reproduction

• Two parents produce genetically unique offspring.
• Gametes include sperm (small, motile, DNA-rich) and egg (large, nutrient-rich).
• Humans are classified by chromosomes (XY for male, XX for female).

Reproductive System Overview

• The female system produces eggs throughout a 128-day cycle.
• The male system produces and delivers sperm.
• Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg combine.
• The fetus develops and is nourished within the female system.
• Offspring is born.

Reproductive System Overview (cont.)

• Key organs for males: testes, which produce sperm.
• Key organs for females: ovaries, which produce eggs.
• Secondary sex organs include ducts, glands, penis, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina.
• These structures support, store and transport sperm and eggs or support the fetal development.

Male Genital Organs

• Diagram showing urethra, bladder, and rectum relationships in the male.
• Prostate gland and seminal vesicle duct are identified

Male Perineum

• Different regions of perineum are described
• Diagram showing the regions

Scrotum

• The testes are housed within the scrotum.
• The scrotum is divided into compartments.
• There is a perineal raphe (a seam) externally.

Scrotum (cont.)

• Cremaster muscles
• Muscles of the scrotum
• Temperature regulation of the testes is important for sperm production.

Scrotum (cont.)

• The spermatic cord runs through the inguinal canal
• Spermatic cord: structures that carry blood vessels, lymph, nerves, tissue.
• The cord enters the pelvic cavity.

Scrotum (cont.)

• The scrotum regulates temperature.
• Mechanisms include: Cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus
• Temperature regulation is essential for sperm production.

Testis

• Oval organs (approximately 4 cm x 3 cm x 2.5 cm).
• Covered by tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea.
• Divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules.
• Seminiferous tubules produce sperm.

Testis (cont.)

• Testis development stages: Abdominal phase, Inguinal phase and Scrotal phase
• Abdominal phase describes initial development near kidneys.
• Inguinal phase describes the descent through the inguinal canal.
• Scrotal phase describes the final position in the scrotum.

Testis (cont.)

• Testicular artery: supplies blood.
• Venous drainage: Pampiniform plexus
• Veins drain into the right and left vena cava

Ducts

• Sperm travels through several ducts to reach the urethra.
• Efferent ductules, duct of the epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens).
• Ejaculatory duct
• Urethra

Accessory Glands

• Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
• These glands secrete fluids into the ducts that mix with sperm to produce semen.

Penis

• Functions to deposit semen into the vagina.
• External parts include shaft and glans.
• Internal parts include corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum.
• Blood supply via internal pudendal arteries.
• Erection involves filling of erectile tissue with blood.

Penis (cont.)

• The penis is composed of erectile tissue.
• These tissues engorge with blood to cause an erection.

Female Reproductive System

• The system is designed for egg production and pregnancy

Reproductive System Overview (females)

• Analogous structures are highlighted.

Ovarium

• Produce ova and sex hormones.
• Located in the ovarian fossa of the posterior pelvic wall.
• Internally it has cortex and medulla.

Ovarium (cont.)

• The ovaries are supported by ovarian, suspensory, and mesovarian ligaments.
• Ovaries receive blood from branches of the uterine artery

Ovarium (cont.)

• Oogenesis: process of egg production through meiosis.
• Cyclic production of ovums.
• Production of one ovum at a time, unlike the constantly produced sperms.

Ovarium (cont.)

• Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
• Phases include follicle rupture, corpus luteum formation, and other conditions.

Uterine Tubes

• The structure is described with functional anatomy.
• The uterine tubes receive the egg.
• The tubes are connected to the uterus

Uterus

• Thick muscular chamber and a typical tilted structure over the bladder.
• It's responsible for pregnancy support, nutrition delivery, and expulsion of the fetus.
• The wall has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.

Uterus (cont.)

• The uterus is supported by various ligaments and peritoneal folds.
• Peritoneal pouches: vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine (or Douglas) pouch.

Uterus (cont.)

• The uterine blood supply is crucial for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
• Branching of the arteries and their distribution is described.

Uterus (cont.)

• The histology of the uterus changes throughout the menstrual cycle.
• Phases of the cycle include menstruation (shedding), proliferative, and secretory.
• The changes in tissues are described.

Vagina

• Tube-like structure, supporting sexual intercourse and childbirth.
• Lacks glands and is lubricated through transudation and cervical mucus.
• Three layers: adventitia, muscularis, mucosa.

Vagina (cont.)

• The vagina has transverse ridges, or rugae.
• These ridges enhance sensitivity during intercourse.
• The hymen is a membrane that may partially cover the vaginal opening.

External Genitalia

• Structures of the female external genitalia
• Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris

Homologous Organs

• Structures like the clitoris and ovaries have similar embryonic origins
• The discussion focuses on their roles in the reproductive system