Major Sociological Theoretical Approaches

<p>Assignment to lower instructional groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standardized Testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviourism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preoperational Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highlights the importance of maternal comfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She struggled to learn language and basic social skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing the world through senses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have both male and female characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group think (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normative organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>McDonaldization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual orientation concerns romantic and emotional attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural universals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiculturalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dominance of one culture over others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the functional importance of the position. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is primarily divided into two main classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social stratification is influenced by class, status, and power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conspicuous Consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of poverty that varies across societies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defining situations can alter their real-world consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public and private behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instrumental leadership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps mitigate embarrassment in conversations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It disregards social norms to achieve goals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional expressions and individual perceptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intangible aspects of a society, including its ideas, beliefs, norms, and values that shape how people live and interact.

Specific rules or guidelines that govern behavior within a society; expectations of how people should act.

The variety of cultures that exist within a society, including different subcultures, multiculturalism, and countercultures.

The process by which societies adapt and evolve their cultural patterns over time, driven by factors like invention, discovery, and diffusion.

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture; believing one's own culture is superior.

The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their society, shaping their personalities.

The practice of understanding a culture on its own terms and not judging it by the standards of another culture.

General ideas about what is good or bad, important or unimportant within a culture; guiding principles that influence behavior.

The idea that people shape their understanding of reality through social interactions.

If people believe something is real, then its consequences are real.

A study of the hidden rules and norms that people follow in social settings.

An approach that compares social interaction to a theatrical performance.

A small social group with close, personal relationships designed to fulfill emotional needs.

A large, impersonal social group that works towards achieving specific goals.

Leadership focused on achieving tasks and goals efficiently.

Leadership focused on maintaining harmony and emotional bonds within a group.

Debate on whether human behavior is instinctive (nature) or learned (nurture).

Experiment highlighting the importance of maternal touch and attachment in early development.

Isolated child case study demonstrating the critical role of social interaction for human development.

Component of personality (Freud), present at birth, driven by pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification.

Component of personality (Freud), mediates between the id and reality, operates on the reality principle.

Component of personality (Freud), the moral conscience, internalized societal values.

Piaget's stage (0-2), where infants learn through their senses and motor actions.

Piaget's stage (7-11), where children develop logical thinking for concrete objects and events.

A leadership style where leaders delegate most decisions and responsibilities to team members, providing minimal guidance or intervention.

A phenomenon where group members prioritize conformity and cohesion over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.

A group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating their own behavior, beliefs, and values.

Groups individuals identify with and feel a sense of belonging to (in-group) versus those they perceive as different and don't belong to (out-group).

Groups composed of members with diverse backgrounds, beliefs, and perspectives.

A structured group designed for specific goals, with established rules and procedures.

The application of fast-food principles (efficiency, predictability, uniformity, control) to other organizations and aspects of society.

The intended and recognized consequences of schooling, including socialization, cultural transmission, and social placement.

The unintended and less recognized consequences of schooling, such as babysitting, reducing youth unemployment, and providing a marriage market.

Negative consequences of schooling, like creating cultural tensions, contributing to student passivity, and perpetuating social inequality.

Unequal access to resources and opportunities in education based on social class and other factors.

Practice of placing students in different instructional groups based on perceived ability.

This theory argues that unequal rewards in society are necessary to motivate people to fill important positions that require more skills and training. Those with more important roles get paid more, encouraging others to strive for those positions.

Conflict theorists like Marx believe that social stratification is a result of power struggles between different social classes. The wealthy control the means of production and exploit the working class to maintain their power and wealth.

Weber expanded on Marx's ideas by arguing that social stratification is not just about wealth but also about status and power. Status refers to social honor, while power is the ability to influence others. These three factors interact to determine a person's position in society.

This is the practice of spending money on expensive goods and services to show off one's social status and wealth. It's a way to signal to others that you belong to a high social class.

This type of poverty means being poor compared to the standard of living in your society. It's not about absolute lack of resources but about being disadvantaged relative to others.