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What is one of the manifest functions of schooling that focuses on preparing children for future roles?
What is one of the manifest functions of schooling that focuses on preparing children for future roles?
Which of the following is considered a latent function of schooling?
Which of the following is considered a latent function of schooling?
What dysfunction related to education involves the pressure to conform to behavioral norms?
What dysfunction related to education involves the pressure to conform to behavioral norms?
How does tracking in schools primarily affect students from lower-income families?
How does tracking in schools primarily affect students from lower-income families?
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Which of the following issues reflects social inequality in education?
Which of the following issues reflects social inequality in education?
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Which concept suggests that human behavior is learned rather than instinctive?
Which concept suggests that human behavior is learned rather than instinctive?
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What primary attachment relationship was highlighted in Harlow's Monkeys experiment?
What primary attachment relationship was highlighted in Harlow's Monkeys experiment?
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At which stage of cognitive development does egocentric thinking primarily occur?
At which stage of cognitive development does egocentric thinking primarily occur?
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Which part of Freud's model of personality is responsible for mediating desires with societal norms?
Which part of Freud's model of personality is responsible for mediating desires with societal norms?
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What is the significance of the 'cloth mother' in Harlow's monkey studies?
What is the significance of the 'cloth mother' in Harlow's monkey studies?
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Which of the following describes the outcome of Genie’s experience with socialization?
Which of the following describes the outcome of Genie’s experience with socialization?
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What does the Superego in Freud's model strive for?
What does the Superego in Freud's model strive for?
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What is the primary focus of the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's theory?
What is the primary focus of the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's theory?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes intersexual people?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes intersexual people?
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Which type of group is characterized by individuals who have a sense of belonging and view themselves as integral members?
Which type of group is characterized by individuals who have a sense of belonging and view themselves as integral members?
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What phenomenon describes the tendency of group members to conform to consensus rather than engage in independent critical thinking?
What phenomenon describes the tendency of group members to conform to consensus rather than engage in independent critical thinking?
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What principle of McDonaldization relates to the uniformity of services and products across different locations?
What principle of McDonaldization relates to the uniformity of services and products across different locations?
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Which type of organization is joined for social causes and is typically voluntary?
Which type of organization is joined for social causes and is typically voluntary?
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Which of the following refers to the presence of fast-food principles in most organizations?
Which of the following refers to the presence of fast-food principles in most organizations?
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What kind of group tends to form inwardly, according to group dynamics?
What kind of group tends to form inwardly, according to group dynamics?
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What distinguishes sexual orientation from sex?
What distinguishes sexual orientation from sex?
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What element of culture specifically refers to the societal rules that guide human behavior?
What element of culture specifically refers to the societal rules that guide human behavior?
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Which term refers to cultural patterns that are distinct from the larger dominant culture?
Which term refers to cultural patterns that are distinct from the larger dominant culture?
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What concept describes the practice of viewing one's own culture as superior to others?
What concept describes the practice of viewing one's own culture as superior to others?
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What is the primary focus of the structural functionalist perspective regarding culture?
What is the primary focus of the structural functionalist perspective regarding culture?
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Which type of cultural change is exemplified by the introduction of new technology like smartphones?
Which type of cultural change is exemplified by the introduction of new technology like smartphones?
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Which type of culture promotes the coexistence of multiple cultural groups with their own identities?
Which type of culture promotes the coexistence of multiple cultural groups with their own identities?
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The term 'cultural hegemony' refers to what phenomenon?
The term 'cultural hegemony' refers to what phenomenon?
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Which concept discusses how language shapes the reality of culture?
Which concept discusses how language shapes the reality of culture?
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According to the Davis-Moore thesis, how are rewards determined for social positions?
According to the Davis-Moore thesis, how are rewards determined for social positions?
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Which of the following best describes Karl Marx's view of society?
Which of the following best describes Karl Marx's view of society?
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What does Max Weber emphasize in his view of social stratification?
What does Max Weber emphasize in his view of social stratification?
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What concept describes the use of products as status symbols?
What concept describes the use of products as status symbols?
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What does relative poverty refer to in the context of society?
What does relative poverty refer to in the context of society?
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What does the Thomas Theorem state about perceptions?
What does the Thomas Theorem state about perceptions?
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Which type of group is characterized by personal, lasting relationships?
Which type of group is characterized by personal, lasting relationships?
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In Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis, what do the terms 'front stage' and 'back stage' refer to?
In Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis, what do the terms 'front stage' and 'back stage' refer to?
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What kind of leadership is exemplified by someone like Elon Musk?
What kind of leadership is exemplified by someone like Elon Musk?
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Which social structure involves individuals who share the same social status?
Which social structure involves individuals who share the same social status?
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What role does 'tact' play in social interactions?
What role does 'tact' play in social interactions?
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How does street smart behavior relate to the construction of reality?
How does street smart behavior relate to the construction of reality?
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What is the main focus of symbolic interactionism?
What is the main focus of symbolic interactionism?
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Study Notes
Major Sociological Theoretical Approaches
- Structural Functional Approach (Macro): Views society as a complex system where different parts work together to maintain stability and solidarity. Social structures, norms, and traditions fulfill essential functions to maintain social order. Key figures include Robert K. Merton.
- Social Conflict Approach (Macro): Focuses on inequality and power dynamics, suggesting these factors generate conflict and social change. Different groups (e.g., based on race, sex, class, age) compete for resources, benefiting dominant groups at the expense of others.
- Symbolic Interaction Approach (Micro): Examines social interactions in specific situations, viewing society as the product of individuals constructing shared meanings as they communicate and interact.
Structural Functional Approach (Eg. School)
- Manifest Function: Recognized consequences (e.g., education in school).
- Latent Function: Unrecognized consequences (e.g., fostering relationships).
- Dysfunctional: Undesirable consequences (e.g., bullying or mental health problems).
Social Conflict Paradigm
- Inequality and power dynamics: Generate conflict and social change as different groups compete for resources.
- Dominant vs disadvantage groups: Illustrates conflict. (e.g., rich vs poor)
- Macro level focus: Examining large-scale social structures and power dynamics.
Symbolic Interaction Paradigm
- Close-up focus on social interactions: In specific situations.
- Society as a shared reality: Individuals construct reality through everyday interactions.
- Micro-level focus: Examining small-scale interactions and individual perspectives.
Method Ways to do sociology
- Quantitative methods: Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses, using numerical data and statistical analysis.
- Qualitative methods: Explores ideas and develops theory using text-based analysis.
- Critical sociology: Examines the role of power structures in shaping society.
Culture
- Culture: The ways of thinking, acting, and material objects forming a people's way of life.
- non-material culture: Intangible aspects of culture like ideas, beliefs, customs, etc.
- material culture: Physical aspects of culture, like objects and technologies.
Deviance and Social Control
- Strain Theory: Discrepancy between culturally defined goals and institutionalized means.
- Merton's Deviance Typology (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism): Framework for understanding different responses to societal pressures.
- Hirschi Control Theory (attachment, opportunity, involvement, belief): Focuses on factors that prevent individuals from committing deviant acts.
- Social Conflict Theory: Deviance results from social inequalities and power imbalance, reflecting the dominant group's interests.
Social Stratification
- Caste System (Closed): Status is ascribed at birth, limited social mobility.
- Social Class System (Open): Status is achieved through effort and merit.
- Meritocracy: Status achieved through merit.
- Davis–Moore Thesis (Functionalist view): Unequal rewards are essential for motivating individuals to fill important positions in society.
Socialization
- Socialization: Lifelong social experience enabling human potential.
- Personality: Individual's responses to social phenomena (predictable reactions).
- Human Development: Combining nature & nurture.
- (Freud's) Psychoanalytic Theory: Id, ego, and superego shape personality development.
- (Piaget's) Cognitive Development Theory: Stages of intellectual development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
- (Mead's) Social Self Theory: The self develops through social interaction.
Sexuality
- Sex: Biological characteristics distinguishing males and females.
- Gender: Social, cultural, and physiological characteristics associated with sex.
- Sexual Orientation: An individual's emotional and sexual attraction.
Social Groups
- Primary groups: Small, close-knit groups with lasting relationships (family).
- Secondary groups: Large, impersonal groups focused on specific goals (work groups).
- Groups: Interacting individuals who share a common identity (church, clubs).
- Formal Organizations: Utilitarian, normative, and coercive.
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Description
Explore the key sociological theoretical approaches including the Structural Functional Approach, Social Conflict Approach, and Symbolic Interaction Approach. Understand how these frameworks analyze social structures, conflict, and interactions. This quiz will help deepen your understanding of sociology's various perspectives.
