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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for administering 100% oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask?
What is the primary reason for administering 100% oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask?
What does a systolic blood pressure of 80/50 indicate in a clinical setting?
What does a systolic blood pressure of 80/50 indicate in a clinical setting?
Why is a capillary refill time (CRT) of 3 seconds considered abnormal?
Why is a capillary refill time (CRT) of 3 seconds considered abnormal?
What should be prepared if a patient is showing clinical indications of major hemorrhage?
What should be prepared if a patient is showing clinical indications of major hemorrhage?
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What immediate action should be taken for a patient with open wounds and exposed bone?
What immediate action should be taken for a patient with open wounds and exposed bone?
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What is the likely presentation in a patient with 25% red blood cell component of blood?
What is the likely presentation in a patient with 25% red blood cell component of blood?
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Which of the following indicates a major haemorrhage?
Which of the following indicates a major haemorrhage?
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What is a clinical indication of Major Haemorrhage?
What is a clinical indication of Major Haemorrhage?
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How does the body attempt to maintain homeostasis during major haemorrhage?
How does the body attempt to maintain homeostasis during major haemorrhage?
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What physiological responses occur due to loss of blood volume?
What physiological responses occur due to loss of blood volume?
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Where are baroreceptors primarily located?
Where are baroreceptors primarily located?
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In the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade, what triggers the clotting process?
In the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade, what triggers the clotting process?
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Which statement is correct regarding the Extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?
Which statement is correct regarding the Extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?
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What is the main purpose of administering cryoprecipitate during major haemorrhage?
What is the main purpose of administering cryoprecipitate during major haemorrhage?
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Which intervention is typically performed during massive transfusion?
Which intervention is typically performed during massive transfusion?
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What role does an ODP play during a major haemorrhage?
What role does an ODP play during a major haemorrhage?
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How might hypocalcaemia affect a patient during major haemorrhage?
How might hypocalcaemia affect a patient during major haemorrhage?
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Why is rapid sequence induction and intubation indicated in major haemorrhage cases?
Why is rapid sequence induction and intubation indicated in major haemorrhage cases?
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Which statement is true regarding IV fluid replacement in uncontrolled haemorrhage?
Which statement is true regarding IV fluid replacement in uncontrolled haemorrhage?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Lethal Triad?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Lethal Triad?
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Which statement about blood group matching for platelet transfusions is correct?
Which statement about blood group matching for platelet transfusions is correct?
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What is the primary reason for clotting impairment during a massive transfusion of red blood cells?
What is the primary reason for clotting impairment during a massive transfusion of red blood cells?
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Which of the following conditions is unlikely during a major hemorrhage?
Which of the following conditions is unlikely during a major hemorrhage?
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What is rapidly depleted during major hemorrhage?
What is rapidly depleted during major hemorrhage?
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When should Tranexamic Acid be administered?
When should Tranexamic Acid be administered?
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What happens to oxygen during major hemorrhage?
What happens to oxygen during major hemorrhage?
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What could an altered pH during major hemorrhage cause?
What could an altered pH during major hemorrhage cause?
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What is a consequence of peripheral vasoconstriction during major hemorrhage?
What is a consequence of peripheral vasoconstriction during major hemorrhage?
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The aim of treatment for major hemorrhage should be to eliminate which lethal triad?
The aim of treatment for major hemorrhage should be to eliminate which lethal triad?
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What is the average circulating blood volume of an adult?
What is the average circulating blood volume of an adult?
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Which of the following is a criterion for declaring Major Haemorrhage?
Which of the following is a criterion for declaring Major Haemorrhage?
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What is the purpose of administering Tranexamic Acid (TxA) in cases of Major Haemorrhage?
What is the purpose of administering Tranexamic Acid (TxA) in cases of Major Haemorrhage?
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How should blood be transfused to avoid complications during a major haemorrhage?
How should blood be transfused to avoid complications during a major haemorrhage?
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In cases of uncontrolled haemorrhage, what should be avoided?
In cases of uncontrolled haemorrhage, what should be avoided?
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What does hypotension (systolic BP less than 100mmHg) indicate in a patient with major haemorrhage?
What does hypotension (systolic BP less than 100mmHg) indicate in a patient with major haemorrhage?
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What clinical sign is less likely to be present in a patient who is actively bleeding?
What clinical sign is less likely to be present in a patient who is actively bleeding?
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What should be the immediate action in case of a catastrophic bleed from a femoral wound?
What should be the immediate action in case of a catastrophic bleed from a femoral wound?
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Study Notes
Major Haemorrhage MCQs
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Low Blood Cell Component: A patient with 25% red blood cells is likely to present with light-headedness due to reduced oxygen reaching the brain, not breathing issues, clotting problems, or infections.
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Major Haemorrhage Indication: Bleeding in excess of 100ml/minute or a loss of 50% of blood volume in 2 hours indicates a major haemorrhage, rather than loss in 24 hours. A heart rate of 110bpm is also a clinical sign.
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Clinical Indication of Major Haemorrhage: A heart rate above 110 bpm and systolic blood pressure below 90mmHg is a clinical indication of major haemorrhage, not a heart rate above 100 bpm and below 80mmHg.
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Homeostasis During Haemorrhage: The body maintains homeostasis during major haemorrhage by triggering baro-receptors that signal the loss of volume to the brain . This response doesn't involve the kidneys, heart, or lungs, in this case.
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Response to Blood Loss: Loss of blood volume triggers sympathetic responses like increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. This is to maintain cardiac output, rather than triggering parasympathetic responses or decreasing vascular resistance.
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Baroreceptor Location: Baroreceptors are mainly located in the aortic arch, not the pharyngeal walls .
Clotting Cascade
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Intrinsic Pathway: In the intrinsic pathway, the clotting cascade is triggered by indirect damage to blood vessels, not direct damage.
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Extrinsic Pathway: The extrinsic pathway is triggered by direct damage to blood vessels. Collagen is not involved in this process.
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Clotting Factor Depletion: If thrombin is depleted, prothrombin and calcium cannot be activated. This means platelets and fibrinogen will not be working in this case.
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Massive Transfusion & Clotting: Massive red blood cell transfusions can impair clotting due to citrate binding with calcium, interfering with the clotting cascade.
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Unlikely During Haemorrhage: Coagulopathy (issues with blood clotting) is a likely effect during significant blood loss, not other conditions like hypothermia, hyperthermia or metabolic acidosis.
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Tranexamic Acid Administration: Tranexamic Acid (TxA) should be administered in the first 3 hours to reduce enzyme breakdown rather than to activate clotting enzymes.
Additional Notes
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Anaerobic Respiration: During major haemorrhage, oxygen loss leads to anaerobic respiration, resulting in a build-up of acid.
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Fluid Replacement: Fluid replacement during major haemorrhage involves restricted crystalloid fluid to maintain a target blood pressure, not using colloid fluids unless specifically indicated.
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Lethal Triad: The lethal triad in major haemorrhage includes coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis, and hypothermia.
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Transfusion Products: When needing massive transfusions, the product use is Cryoprecipitate to maximize fibrinogen increase and plasma for maintaining adequate 02 carrying capacity, not red blood cells.
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Blood Grouping: If blood grouping is unknown, using any negative blood is suitable
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Description
Test your knowledge on major haemorrhage through this quiz that covers essential clinical indicators, physiological responses, and critical blood loss thresholds. Each question is designed to reinforce your understanding of the body's mechanisms and emergency responses to significant bleeding events.
