Major Haemorrhage Management Quiz

Abnormal narrowing of the larynx, which can cause difficulty breathing and, if prolonged, lead to lung damage from pressure changes (barotrauma).

A life-threatening allergic reaction with widespread inflammation, rapid onset, and potentially fatal consequences.

Drug overdose can be due to various drugs causing toxicity. Treatment is specific to the drug. For example, naloxone reverses opioid overdose.

A condition of dangerously high body temperature, muscle stiffness, and rapid heart rate, often triggered by anesthesia.

A rapid heartbeat, often caused by various medical conditions.

The process where oxygen is used to produce energy for the body. When oxygen levels are low, the body produces lactic acid, which is harmful in large amounts.

A condition where the lungs cannot easily expand due to factors such as inflammation or fluid buildup. This makes it harder for the body to get enough oxygen.

A condition that occurs when the pressure in the pleural space (between the lung and chest wall) is higher than atmospheric pressure, preventing the lung from expanding properly. This can be caused by fluid or air buildup.

The ability of the lungs to expand and contract easily. High compliance means the lungs can expand easily, while low compliance means expansion is difficult.

A condition that occurs when the airways of the lungs narrow, making it difficult for air to flow in and out. This can be caused by inflammation, muscle spasms, or mucus buildup.

The breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, releasing myoglobin and potassium into the bloodstream.

A medication used to treat malignant hyperthermia by blocking the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, preventing muscle contraction.

The accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood, often caused by muscle contraction and the inability of the lungs to eliminate it.

The abnormal increase in potassium levels in the blood, often due to rhabdomyolysis and the release of potassium from damaged muscle cells.

The degree of anaphylaxis is classified into three grades: 1 (local), 2 (mild-moderate systemic), and 3 (severe systemic).

A specific antibody, immunoglobulin E (IgE), is responsible for triggering anaphylactic reactions.

Histamine, a chemical released by mast cells, is the main culprit in causing the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Immediate treatment for anaphylaxis includes intramuscular adrenaline, high-flow oxygen, and fluid bolus.

Anaphylaxis can cause a cascade of effects that impact the cardiovascular, respiratory, and circulatory systems.

A burn that only affects the outermost layer of skin, the epidermis. It doesn't damage the dermis, the deeper layer of skin.

A burn that damages the dermis, the deeper layer of skin, but doesn't destroy all of it. Leads to fluid buildup and blisters.

The most severe burn, causing damage to the entire thickness of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis, and destroying the nerves. Appears black and leathery.

The area of burned tissue that is most damaged and has suffered cell death. This zone doesn't get blood flow and can't heal.

The area of burned tissue that has decreased blood flow. It's trying to pull in oxygen, but it can become damaged and lead to infection and swelling.

The area surrounding the burned tissue that has increased blood flow due to inflammation. The body is trying to fight the damage with extra blood flow.

A complication of burns that occurs when the body releases chemicals that cause the blood vessels to leak fluid, leading to low blood volume and blood pressure.

A condition where the heart is not contracting strongly enough to pump blood efficiently. This can occur in burns due to fluid loss and reduced blood volume.

The main pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical impulses that trigger contractions.

An area of specialized cells in the heart that slows down the electrical signal from the SA node before it reaches the ventricles, allowing for complete atrial contraction before ventricular contraction.

The electrical activity of the atria as they contract, shown as a wave-like pattern on an ECG.

The electrical activity of the ventricles as they contract, shown as a spike on an ECG.

The electrical activity of the ventricles as they relax, shown as a wave-like pattern on an ECG.

The time taken for an electrical impulse to travel from the SA node to the ventricles, seen as a segment on an ECG.

The time taken for the entire electrical activity of the ventricles, measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.

The state of a cardiac cell when it's not electrically active, with more negative charge inside the cell.

The process of shifting the electrical charge of a cardiac cell, making the inside more positive. It initiates muscle contraction.

A rapid change in the voltage across the cell membrane of a cardiac cell, resulting in a rhythmic heartbeat.

A severe loss of blood, defined as losing 5 liters or 70 ml/kg in less than 24 hours, half of blood volume within 3 hours, or bleeding more than 150 ml/min.

The process of losing red blood cells and clotting factors, leading to impaired blood clotting.

A triad of factors that contribute to death in major hemorrhage.

The intrinsic pathway is activated when there's direct damage to blood vessels, exposing collagen to platelets. The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma or factors like hypoxia, sepsis, and inflammation.

A substance that prevents the breakdown of clots, but can lead to microclot formation and excessive breakdown of clots (hypofibrinolysis).

Calcium is crucial for clotting, but it binds to calcium in donated blood to stop clotting.

Fibrinogen, a protein in blood, needs to be activated to form fibrin, the mesh that strengthens clots.

Plasmin, an enzyme made from activated plasminogen, breaks down clots.

Crystalloid fluid replacement, vasopressors, and inotropes are used to compensate for blood loss and maintain blood pressure.

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) contains all clotting factors and fibrinogen, while cryoprecipitate is rich in fibrinogen. Platelets are also essential for clotting restoration.