Hypothermia and Major Haemorrhage Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the term Hypothermia mean?

Hypothermia is when the body has a low body temperature

In the event of hypothermia, enzymes don't work in cold body temperature

True (A)

What effect does hypothermia have on the body?

Hypothermia can affect several functions of the body, specifically the heart, brain, and lungs. It can lead to difficulty breathing and slow the heart rate.

What are the reasons why the body loses heat in hypothermia?

<p>Reasons why the body loses heat are Peripheral vasoconstriction, If body is cold, it preserves heat (for the core) by narrowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'Metabolic acidosis'?

<p>Metabolic acidosis is a condition in which the body's blood pH is too acidic, lower than 7.35, which is the normal blood pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Metabolic acidosis have on the body?

<p>Metabolic acidosis impacts on function of enzymes (liver), tissues, organs. It can affect the way the body uses energy, especially the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When there is a deficiency of Oxygen in the body, it starts producing lactate

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic acidosis affects electrolytes like Calcium

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs work properly in an imbalanced conditions

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An imbalanced PH can lead to ineffective treatment

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It's ideal to maintain a balanced PH for a proper and effective treatment

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Lethal Triad'?

<p>The Lethal Triad is a set of serious medical conditions that can occur in patients with major haemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of coagulopathy?

<p>Coagulopathy is a condition in which the body's ability to clot blood is impaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of coagulopathy on the body?

<p>Coagulopathy can impact the body because it reduces the body's ability to form clots to stop bleeding which will lead to the patient losing red blood cells and clotting factors which are in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of coagulopathy?

<p>The symptoms of coagulopathy can vary depending on the severity, it can lead to excessive bleeding and bruising, including internal bleeding and difficulty stopping bleeding from minor cuts or injuries, which are common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of clotting in the body?

<p>The clotting process begins when the body detects an injury, where it starts forming a clot by narrowing the blood vessel, which helps to prevent the patient from further blood loss. The clotting factors get exhausted quickly and start running out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DIC?

<p>DIC is the process of clotting abnormality in which clotting factors gets exhausted quickly and starts running out. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the body when the clotting factors run out?

<p>When clotting factors run out, the body is left with no clotting factors for forming big clots for major parts (for bleeding). A big part of that clotting process is the ability of the body, to stop bleeding fast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body when it forms too many micro clots?

<p>When the body forms too many micro clots, the body tries to break down the clots quickly by using an enzyme called hyperfibrinolysis. This occurs after the body has a major hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tranexamic acid can be given to a patient to control excessive clotting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Tranexamic acid?

<p>Tranexamic acid is a type of medicine called antifibrinolytic, which is used to help control excessive clotting. It is given to the patient, in the first three hours after the patient's injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC) and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

<p>Packed Red Blood cells are a type of blood product which has high Hb to increase Oxygen carrying capacity, contains very little clotting factors, and it has plasma which contains fibrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Cryoprecipitate?

<p>Cryoprecipitate is a type of blood product that contains a lot more fibrinogen than FFP, and also contains a small amount of fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets?

<p>Platelets are blood cells that are needed to help the blood clot; they are used to stop bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'major haemorrhage' mean?

<p>Major haemorrhage means a significant blood loss, which can be life-threatening if it's not treated correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the B P Formula?

<p>The B P Formula is a way to help us understand how our blood pressure is controlled by our hearts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components that affect the blood volume?

<p>The blood volume is affected by three components: Preload, Afterload and Contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothermia and Enzymes

Enzymes, crucial for bodily functions, struggle to work effectively in cold body temperatures, leading to impaired metabolism.

Peripheral Vasoconstriction

In hypothermia, the body shunts blood away from the extremities and towards the core to conserve heat, leading to reduced blood flow to limbs.

Hypothermia and Coagulation

Hypothermic patients experience impaired blood clotting due to the cold temperature affecting the clotting cascade.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

The crucial component of red blood cells, carrying oxygen to the tissues.

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PRBCs in Hemorrhage

Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) are used in major hemorrhages to boost the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, improving tissue perfusion.

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FFP in Hemorrhage

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) contains all clotting factors, including fibrinogen, essential for blood clotting.

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Cryoprecipitate

Cryoprecipitate, derived from Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), contains a high concentration of fibrinogen, crucial for clot formation.

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Platelets in Hemorrhage

Platelets, vital for blood clotting, help initiate the process.

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Coagulopathy

Coagulopathy refers to an impaired ability of the body to form blood clots.

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Clot Formation

A clot forms to plug a bleeding wound and prevent further blood loss.

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Clotting Factor Exhaustion

In major hemorrhage, the body quickly exhausts its clotting factors, leading to a state of abnormal clotting.

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DIC

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening condition where the clotting process goes awry, forming micro-clots throughout the body.

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Hyperfibrinolysis

Hyperfibrinolysis is the body's attempt to break down the excessive micro-clots formed in DIC, leading to further depletion of clotting factors.

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Tranexamic Acid

Tranexamic acid, administered in the first three hours of trauma, helps prevent the breakdown of clots by inhibiting fibrinolytic enzymes.

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Rapid Control of Bleeding

Managing bleeding effectively is crucial for patient survival in cases of major hemorrhage.

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Damage Control Surgery

Damage Control Surgery involves surgical strategies used in critical situations, often outside the operating room, to stabilize patients.

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Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic acidosis occurs when the blood pH becomes too acidic, below 7.35, disrupting bodily functions.

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Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

Loss of blood, clotting factors, and inadequate oxygen supply can lead to metabolic acidosis.

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Acidosis Effects on Enzymes

Metabolic acidosis impacts the function of enzymes in the liver, tissues, and organs, impairing their ability to work effectively.

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Acidosis and Electrolytes

Metabolic acidosis can disrupt electrolyte balance, particularly affecting calcium levels.

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Acidosis and Drug Ineffectiveness

Drugs become less effective in acidic or alkaline blood environments, making treatment less efficient.

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Balanced pH Importance

Maintaining a balanced pH within the blood is vital for proper body function and optimal response to treatment.

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Major Hemorrhage

A major hemorrhage occurs when a significant amount of blood is lost, exceeding the body's capacity to compensate.

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Heart Rate in Hemorrhage

The heart rate (HR) increases to compensate for blood loss, attempting to maintain a stable cardiac output.

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Blood Pressure Formula

The blood pressure formula highlights the relationship between stroke volume, heart rate, and blood pressure in maintaining cardiovascular function.

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Stroke Volume

Stroke volume represents the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat, influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.

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Cardiac Output

Cardiac output is the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, a key factor in blood pressure.

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Systemic Vascular Resistance

Systemic vascular resistance is the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels, affecting blood pressure.

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Blood Pressure Decrease in Hemorrhage

Severe blood loss can ultimately lead to a decrease in blood pressure, even after other compensatory mechanisms fail.

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Clotting Cascade

The clotting cascade is a series of steps, or a chain reaction, involving specialized proteins and cells, that lead to the formation of a blood clot at the site of injury.

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Intrinsic Pathway

The intrinsic pathway is activated when there is direct injury to blood vessels, triggering platelet activation and clot formation.

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Extrinsic Pathway

The extrinsic pathway is triggered by indirect injury or external factors, like toxins or porous blood vessels, that lead to clotting.

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Platelets in Clotting Cascade

Platelets, tiny blood cells, play a critical role in the clotting cascade by forming a temporary plug and activating other factors.

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Calcium in Clotting Cascade

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various steps of the clotting cascade, helping activate clotting factors.

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Thrombin in Clotting Cascade

Thrombin, a key clotting factor, activates other factors, including fibrinogen, to create a fibrin mesh, the main component of a blood clot.

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Fibrin in Clotting Cascade

Fibrin, formed from fibrinogen, is a protein that weaves through platelets to create a strong, barrier-like network that stops bleeding.

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Study Notes

Hypothermia

  • Enzymes don't work in cold body temperature
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction (vessels narrow) in response to cold, it preserves heat (for the core) towards the periphery, so blood doesn't flow towards the skin;
  • Hence, less heat rich blood towards skin, so the skin's blood supply doesn't receive enough oxygen;
  • Then limbs and possibly patients' limbs and/or cold limb will not clot.

Products in Major Haemorrhage

  • Packed Red Blood Cells
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
  • Cryoprecipitate (from FFP)
  • Platelets

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Description

Test your knowledge on the physiological effects of hypothermia and the critical interventions required during major haemorrhage. This quiz covers key concepts such as enzyme function in cold temperatures and the types of products used in managing severe blood loss. Perfect for students in medical or health science courses.

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