Questions and Answers
What are the indications for Sulfonamides?
What are common side effects of Sulfonamides?
Rash, Nausea, Drug fever, Vomiting, Jaundice, Kidney damage, Blood complications
Which of the following conditions can Penicillins treat?
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins work against gram-positive aerobes.
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Name one example of an Extended-Spectrum Penicillin.
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What is a common side effect of Penicillins?
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What conditions do First-Generation Cephalosporins treat?
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What is a key feature of Third-Generation Cephalosporins?
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List one example of a Tetracycline.
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Tetracyclines require avoiding antacids due to chelation with minerals.
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What is Tigecycline primarily used for?
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What are common uses for Macrolides?
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Study Notes
Sulfonamides "Sulfa Drugs"
- Treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), otitis media, and ulcerative colitis.
- Effective for lower respiratory infections and prophylaxis in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.
- Important to avoid sunlight and alcohol, while ensuring adequate fluid intake.
- Common side effects include rash, nausea, drug fever, vomiting, jaundice, kidney damage, and blood complications.
Penicillins
- Indicated for abscesses, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia.
- Used in respiratory infections, strep throat, tooth and gum infections, sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis and gonorrhea), and endocarditis due to streptococci.
- Should be taken on an empty stomach and avoided with fruit juices and colas.
- Alert pharmacists if patients allergic to penicillin receive cephalosporin.
Penicillin Drugs
- Include amoxicillin (Amoxil), ampicillin (Principen), penicillin G, and penicillin V (Veetids).
Sulfonamides Drugs
- Key agents include sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), and sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin).
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) is related.
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
- Target gram-positive aerobes.
- Key drugs: dicloxacillin (Dycil), nafcillin (Unipen), oxacillin.
Extended-Spectrum Penicillins
- More resistant to gram-negative bacteria.
- Important drugs include carbenicillin (Geocillin), piperacillin, and ticarcillin (Ticar).
Resistant Penicillins & Penicillin Combinations
- Combination drugs: amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn), piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn), ticarcillin-clavulanate (Timentin).
Side Effects of Penicillins and Cephalosporins
- Common side effects include diarrhea and allergic reactions in 7% to 10% of the population.
Cephalosporins
- Have a mechanism of action similar to penicillins.
- Approximately 1% chance of cross-reactivity in patients allergic to penicillin.
First-Generation Cephalosporins
- Greater gram-negative coverage compared to penicillinase-resistant penicillins.
- Indicated for community-acquired infections and mild to moderate infections.
- Key drugs: cefadroxil (Duricef), cefazolin (Ancef), cephalexin (Keflex).
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
- Enhanced activity against Haemophilus influenzae.
- Used for otitis media in children, respiratory infections, and UTIs.
- Key drugs: cefaclor (Ceclor), cefprozil (Cefzil), cefuroxime (Ceftin).
Third-Generation Cephalosporins
- Active against wide spectra of gram-negative organisms and may allow once-a-day dosing.
- Indicated for ambulatory patients and children.
- Key drugs: ceftazidime (Fortaz), ceftibuten (Cedax), ceftriaxone (Rocephin).
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
- Provide broad-spectrum coverage.
- Indicated for pneumonia, UTIs, and sepsis.
- Key drug: cefepime (Maxipime).
Carbapenems
- Includes ertapenem (Invanz), imipenem-cilastatin (Primaxin), and meropenem (Merrem I.V.).
Carbacephem
- Contains doripenem (Doribax) and loracarbef (Lorabid).
Tetracyclines
- Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria.
- Used for acne, anthrax, chronic bronchitis, Lyme disease, rickettsia infections, and certain STDs like Chlamydia.
- Common side effects: gastrointestinal upset and nausea.
- Caution advised against antacids, photosensitivity, and use in pregnant women/children under 9 years old.
Tetracyclines Drugs
- Include demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Vibramycin), minocycline (Minocin), and tetracycline (Sumycin).
Tigecycline
- A new class called glycylcycline.
- Similar action to tetracyclines.
- Used for skin infections and intra-abdominal infections.
Macrolides
- Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes.
- Primarily treat pulmonary infections.
- Effective against Chlamydia, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, H. influenzae, Legionnaires' disease, M. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae.
- Generally taken on an empty stomach; some forms require specific administration instructions.
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Description
This quiz covers key information about various classes of antibiotics, including sulfonamides and penicillins. Each flashcard provides definitions, uses, side effects, and precautions associated with these medications. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or medicine.
