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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the reproductive system?
The male reproductive system is responsible for producing female sex cells.
False
What is the primary function of the renal system?
Excretes waste products from blood and controls water balance.
The primary organs of the cardiovascular system include the ______, blood, and blood vessels.
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Match the following systems with their primary functions:
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Which organ is NOT part of the gastrointestinal system?
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The spinal cord is one of the major organs of the cardiovascular system.
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What are the primary functions of the endocrine system?
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What percentage of total body composition by weight does the muscular system account for?
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The reproductive system accounts for 0.2% of body composition by weight.
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What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
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The ________ system includes muscles that account for about 44% of body weight.
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Match the body systems with their primary function:
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Which of the following is NOT a component of homeostasis?
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Homeostasis is maintained using only positive feedback mechanisms.
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What process regulates many functions of the organ systems?
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Which function is NOT associated with the integumentary system?
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The skeletal system is responsible for movement through its interactions with muscles.
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What are the two types of bone marrow found within bones?
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The main function of osteoclasts is to remove and recycle _______.
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Match the following types of bones with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a function of bones?
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Osteoblasts are mature bone cells that are involved in forming new bone matrix.
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What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
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Study Notes
Major Body Systems
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Nervous System:
- Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sensory organs are the major organs
- Directs immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems
- Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
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Muscular System:
- Skeletal muscle, associated tendons, and aponeuroses are the major organs
- Provides movement, support, and protection for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature
-
Cardiovascular System:
- Heart, blood, and blood vessels are the major organs
- Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, and gases
- Distributes heat and assists in controlling body temperature
-
Respiratory System:
- Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli are the major organs
- Delivers air to the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange
- Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
- Produces sounds for communication
-
Endocrine System:
- Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), and endocrine tissue in other systems are the major organs
- Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use in the body
- Controls many functional and structural changes during development
-
Gastrointestinal System:
- Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are the major organs
- Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water
- Absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
-
Renal System:
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are the major organs
- Excretes waste products from the blood
- Controls water balance by regulating urine volume
- Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
-
Reproductive System:
- Male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum are the major organs
- Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands are the major organs
- Male Functions: Produce sperm and male sex hormones
- Female Functions: Produce female sex cells and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to feed newborn infants
Body Composition of Organ Systems
- Muscular System accounts for approximately 44% of total body composition by weight
- Skeletal system accounts for approximately 20% of total body composition by weight
- Integumentary system (skin) accounts for approximately 16% of total body composition by weight
- Reproductive and Endocrine systems each account for only 0.15% of total body composition by weight
Physiology
- All or most organ systems communicate and function through integration with other organ systems
- The digestive system absorbs water and nutrients, which enter the bloodstream and the heart pumps the blood
- Excess water is secreted by the kidneys and the urinary system, as well as through sweat (integumentary system)
- Many functions of organ systems are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems
- Intracellular fluid communicates with extracellular fluid, which then communicates with the protective cells and exchange cells of the body to take in materials from the body's exterior
Homeostasis
- Process by which a nearly stable environment is maintained in the body, so that cellular metabolic functions can proceed at maximum efficiency.
- Maintained by effectors (generally muscles or glands) which are regulated by sensory information from the internal environment.
- Opposite in meaning to Pathophysiology
- Health reflects homeostasis, pathophysiology reflects deviation from homeostasis.
- Homeostasis is maintained by either negative feedback or positive feedback
Integumentary System:
- Skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails are the major organs
- Protects against environmental hazards
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Provides sensory information
Lymphatic System:
- Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils are the major organs.
- Defends against infection and disease
- Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
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Functions of Bone:
- Provides support for tissues and organs
- Protection for organs (e.g., skull, ribs)
- Movement (skeletal muscle attached to bones moves them by contracting/relaxing)
- Mineral homeostatis (stores calcium and phosphate, which can be released into the blood)
- Site of blood cell production (red marrow contains progenitor cells for formation of blood cells - red and white cells and platelets)
- Storage of energy - lipid can be stored as an energy reserve
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Structure of the Skeletal System:
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Bone marrow (red and yellow bone marrow within the cavity)
- Periosteum (membrane covering bone surface)
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Histology (cells) of Bone:
- Osteoprogenitor cells: Divide to form cells that become osteoblasts and are important in fracture repair
- Osteoblasts: Produce new bone matrix (osteogenesis)
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that make up most of the bone cells
- Osteoclasts: Large cells that remove and recycle bone matrix (can have over 50 nuclei)
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Classification of Bone:
- Long bones: Long and slender (e.g., bones in arms, hands, legs, feet)
- Short bones: Examples include the carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle
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Description
Test your knowledge on the major body systems, including the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Explore how each system functions and the key organs involved. This quiz is perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.
