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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle is found in the lower one-third of the esophagus?
What type of muscle is found in the lower one-third of the esophagus?
- Striated
- Cardiac
- Smooth (correct)
- Skeletal
What is the function of zymogenic cells in the stomach?
What is the function of zymogenic cells in the stomach?
- Mucus production
- Absorption
- Hormone production
- Enzyme secretion (correct)
What is the name of the glands located near the stomach in the upper one-third of the esophagus?
What is the name of the glands located near the stomach in the upper one-third of the esophagus?
- Payer's patches
- Brunner's glands
- Gastric glands
- Simple tubular secreting glands (correct)
What is the name of the folds found in the small intestine?
What is the name of the folds found in the small intestine?
What is the layer of tissue that covers the intestine?
What is the layer of tissue that covers the intestine?
What is the name of the glands found in the duodenum?
What is the name of the glands found in the duodenum?
What is the characteristic of the epithelial lining in the large intestine?
What is the characteristic of the epithelial lining in the large intestine?
What is the modified form of the outer longitudinal layer in the large intestine?
What is the modified form of the outer longitudinal layer in the large intestine?
What is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is composed of loose connective tissue?
What is the layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is composed of loose connective tissue?
What structure is part of the digestive system and is lined by mucous membrane?
What structure is part of the digestive system and is lined by mucous membrane?
What is the function of the lamina propria in the digestive system?
What is the function of the lamina propria in the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the name of the layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is made up of smooth muscle?
What is the name of the layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is made up of smooth muscle?
Which of the following is a type of gland associated with the digestive system?
Which of the following is a type of gland associated with the digestive system?
What is the name of the structure that connects the oral cavity to the stomach?
What is the name of the structure that connects the oral cavity to the stomach?
What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?
What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?
Which type of cell in the small intestine secretes enzymes?
Which type of cell in the small intestine secretes enzymes?
What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?
What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?
What is the main cell type in the liver?
What is the main cell type in the liver?
Which type of cell in the stomach secretes mucous?
Which type of cell in the stomach secretes mucous?
What is the name of the cells in the small intestine that function as antigen-presenting cells?
What is the name of the cells in the small intestine that function as antigen-presenting cells?
Which organ in the gastrointestinal tract has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
Which organ in the gastrointestinal tract has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
What is the structure of the liver that forms the functional unit of the organ?
What is the structure of the liver that forms the functional unit of the organ?
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Study Notes
The Digestive System
- The digestive system consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, and gastro-intestinal tract (GIT)
- The oral cavity includes lips, tongue, teeth, cheek, and palate
- The GIT is lined by mucous membrane and consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
- The GIT is a hollow tube from esophagus to rectum
- Its wall is composed of four major layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia)
Layers of the GIT
- Mucosa: innermost layer, composed of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
- Submucosa: layer of loose connective tissue
- Muscularis externa: layer of smooth muscle cells
- Serosa (or adventitia): outermost layer, composed of loose connective tissue
Stomach
- The stomach has a mucosa with simple columnar secretory cells, rugae (mucosal and submucosal folds), and gastric glands
- The upper 1/3 of the stomach has striated muscle, the middle 1/3 has mixed muscle, and the lower 1/3 has smooth muscle
Small Intestine
- The small intestine has a mucosa with simple columnar absorptive cells, crypts, and villi
- The duodenum has Brunner's glands and Payer's patches
- The ileum has lymphatic nodules and Payer's patches
Large Intestine
- The large intestine has a mucosa with simple columnar absorptive cells, crypts, and no villi
- The colon has lymphatic nodules and teniae coli
Characteristic Cells in the GIT
- Stomach: zymogenic cells secrete enzymes, parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, mucous neck cells secrete mucous, entero-endocrine cells secrete hormones, and undifferentiated stem cells act as stem cells
- Small intestine: goblet cells secrete mucous, endocrine cells secrete hormones, Paneth cells secrete enzymes, undifferentiated cells act as stem cells, and microfold (M) cells are antigen-presenting cells
Glands Associated with the GIT
- Salivary glands: exocrine glands that secrete saliva
- Liver: has both exocrine and endocrine functions
- Pancreas: has both exocrine and endocrine parts
Exocrine Pancreas
- The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, such as trypsin and amylase
- It is formed of stroma and parenchyma, with serous acini that stain with AA and BB
- The duct opens into the duodenum
Liver
- The liver has a very thin stroma and parenchyma, with the main cell type being the hepatocyte or liver cell
- Hepatocytes are acidophilic, active, polyhedral cells with many surfaces, arranged in cords of 1 or 2 cells thick around the central veins
- Each hepatocyte has 1-2 large rounded active nucleus
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