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What was the primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition?
What was the primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition?
Which ship was the flagship of Magellan's expedition?
Which ship was the flagship of Magellan's expedition?
What major obstacle did the fleet encounter while navigating the Strait of Magellan?
What major obstacle did the fleet encounter while navigating the Strait of Magellan?
What significant event occurred on March 16, 1521?
What significant event occurred on March 16, 1521?
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What health issues did the crew suffer from during the voyage across the Pacific Ocean?
What health issues did the crew suffer from during the voyage across the Pacific Ocean?
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Who was the local ruler that Magellan formed an alliance with in the Philippines?
Who was the local ruler that Magellan formed an alliance with in the Philippines?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Mactan?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Mactan?
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What was the initial composition of Magellan's fleet?
What was the initial composition of Magellan's fleet?
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What was the fate of the Concepción after arriving in the Spice Islands?
What was the fate of the Concepción after arriving in the Spice Islands?
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How many ships remained when the expedition reached the Spice Islands?
How many ships remained when the expedition reached the Spice Islands?
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Who commanded the Victoria on its journey back to Spain?
Who commanded the Victoria on its journey back to Spain?
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What significant event occurred in Cebu in March 1521?
What significant event occurred in Cebu in March 1521?
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Which ship was the only one that returned to Spain after the expedition?
Which ship was the only one that returned to Spain after the expedition?
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What was one historical significance of the first journey under Magellan?
What was one historical significance of the first journey under Magellan?
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How many survivors returned to Spain aboard the Victoria?
How many survivors returned to Spain aboard the Victoria?
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What role did the Strait of Magellan play in Spain's expansion efforts?
What role did the Strait of Magellan play in Spain's expansion efforts?
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What was the primary distinction between Alipin sa Gigilid and Alipin Namamahay in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
What was the primary distinction between Alipin sa Gigilid and Alipin Namamahay in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
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How were Alipin sa Gigilid dependent on their masters?
How were Alipin sa Gigilid dependent on their masters?
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Which statement accurately reflects the status of Alipin Namamahay?
Which statement accurately reflects the status of Alipin Namamahay?
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What is true about the nature of slavery in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
What is true about the nature of slavery in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
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Which description best characterizes Alipin sa Gigilid?
Which description best characterizes Alipin sa Gigilid?
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Who provided detailed descriptions of the culture and customs of the indigenous Filipinos during the early encounters with Europeans?
Who provided detailed descriptions of the culture and customs of the indigenous Filipinos during the early encounters with Europeans?
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What was the primary purpose of Juan de Plasencia's work, "Customs of the Tagalog"?
What was the primary purpose of Juan de Plasencia's work, "Customs of the Tagalog"?
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What describes the basic social structure within Tagalog society as identified by Juan de Plasencia?
What describes the basic social structure within Tagalog society as identified by Juan de Plasencia?
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Which position was typically hereditary in the barangay system of governance?
Which position was typically hereditary in the barangay system of governance?
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How did indigenous Tagalog people approach conflict resolution according to Juan de Plasencia?
How did indigenous Tagalog people approach conflict resolution according to Juan de Plasencia?
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What role did the datu play in the barangay?
What role did the datu play in the barangay?
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What religious beliefs did the Tagalog people follow before colonization?
What religious beliefs did the Tagalog people follow before colonization?
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What qualities were essential for a successor to the position of datu?
What qualities were essential for a successor to the position of datu?
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What was the primary way to inherit the title of Datu in the barangay system?
What was the primary way to inherit the title of Datu in the barangay system?
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Which class occupied a social position directly below the Datu?
Which class occupied a social position directly below the Datu?
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What role did the timawa play in the barangay system?
What role did the timawa play in the barangay system?
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How could a commoner elevate their status to that of a maharlika?
How could a commoner elevate their status to that of a maharlika?
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What was one way that marriage could influence social status in the barangay system?
What was one way that marriage could influence social status in the barangay system?
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What did the maharlika class contribute significantly to in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
What did the maharlika class contribute significantly to in pre-colonial Tagalog society?
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What significantly determined a person's noble status in the barangay system?
What significantly determined a person's noble status in the barangay system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the alipin?
Which of the following accurately describes the alipin?
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Study Notes
Magellan's Expedition
- Magellan’s expedition consisted of five ships: Trinidad (flagship), San Antonio, Concepción, Santiago, and Victoria, with about 270 men aboard.
- The expedition departed from Seville, Spain, on September 20, 1519, and aimed to find a westward sea route to the Spice Islands (Maluku).
- The expedition sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to South America, making stops in Brazil and exploring the coastline for a passage to the Pacific Ocean.
- The fleet discovered the Strait of Magellan in southern South America, taking over a month to navigate due to difficult weather and terrain.
- The Santiago was lost during an earlier exploration attempt along the coast.
- The voyage across the Pacific took almost four months, during which the crew suffered from hunger, thirst, and scurvy.
- The crew was the first group of Europeans to enter the Pacific Ocean.
- On March 6, 1521, they reached the island of Guam, where they replenished supplies.
- On March 16, 1521, the expedition arrived in the Philippines on the island of Homonhon.
- Magellan forged alliances with local rulers, notably Rajah Humabon of Cebu, and many locals were baptized as Christians.
- On April 27, 1521, Magellan attempted to assert Spanish authority over Lapu-Lapu, a local chief on the island of Mactan, who resisted Spanish control.
- The resulting Battle of Mactan resulted in Magellan's death, marking the first major setback of the expedition.
- After Magellan's death, the remaining fleet continued the journey under new leadership but suffered further losses due to battles and harsh conditions.
- When the expedition reached the Spice Islands (Maluku) in November 1521, only three ships remained: the Victoria, Trinidad, and Concepción.
- The Concepción was burned due to being unfit for sailing.
- The Trinidad was damaged and left behind for repairs but was later captured by the Portuguese.
- The Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, embarked on the journey back to Spain, crossing the Indian Ocean and rounding the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.
- On September 6, 1522, almost three years after setting out, the Victoria and its crew of 18 survivors (out of the original 270) returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the world.
Strait of Magellan
- It provided a safer, though still difficult, alternative route to the Pacific Ocean.
- It became an important route for European explorers and traders during the Age of Exploration.
- The strait played a key role in Spain's expansion across the Pacific and its later colonization efforts, particularly in the Philippines.
Juan de Plascencia’s "Customs of the Tagalog"
- Plasencia was a Spanish Franciscan friar who arrived in the Philippines in 1578.
- He authored "Customs of the Tagalog" in 1589, a detailed ethnographic account of Tagalog culture.
- His work is one of the earliest written documents about pre-colonial Filipino society.
- The purpose of "Customs of the Tagalog" was to document local customs for colonial administration and religious conversion.
- It was intended to serve as a guide for Spanish officials in understanding Tagalog governance, justice, and societal structures.
- It reflects the Spanish need to control and convert the local population to Christianity.
Tagalog Society
- Described the basic unit of governance, the barangay, led by the datu.
- Tagalog society consisted of three classes: the maharlika (nobles), timawa (freemen), and alipin (slaves).
- It described indigenous religious beliefs, including worship of nature spirits (anitos) and the role of priestesses (babaylans).
- It detailed local laws, punishments, and conflict resolution methods, which included fines and trials by ordeal.
Barangay System
- The barangay was the smallest political unit in pre-colonial Tagalog society.
- The Datu, or chieftain, played a central role in governance, justice, and maintaining social and economic order within the community.
Datu
- The position of datu was often passed down to the eldest son or another close male relative.
- Wealth and economic power also played a role in maintaining a datu’s authority.
Maharlika
- The maharlika were the noble class or warrior class, positioned just below the datu.
- They were considered elites due to their noble lineage, wealth, and military service.
- The most common way to become a maharlika was through hereditary succession.
- Individuals could rise to the maharlika class through exceptional service in battle.
- Marriage could be another means of gaining maharlika status.
- Wealth and influence could also play a role in elevating a timawa’s status.
Timawa
- The freemen who occupied a social position between the nobles (maharlika) and the slaves (alipin).
- They played an important role in the economic and military aspects of the barangay.
Alipin
- The lowest social class in pre-colonial Tagalog society.
- The status of alipin was not always permanent, and there were varying degrees of slavery.
Alipin sa Gigilid
- The more submissive class of slaves.
- They lived within their master’s household and were dependent on their master for basic needs.
Alipin Namamahay
- They had a higher level of autonomy than alipin sa gigilid.
- They lived in their own homes and had more freedom.
- Considered more like servants rather than property.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Magellan's historic expedition, which aimed to discover a westward route to the Spice Islands. Quiz questions cover the fleet's journey, the challenges faced by the crew, and key milestones such as the discovery of the Strait of Magellan and their arrival in Guam.
