Questions and Answers
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
A Portuguese navigator in the service of the king of Spain.
The Spaniards occupied the Philippines for less than 300 years.
False
What is the function of a portolani?
Charts that showed coastlines and distances between ports.
What is the Law of Burgos?
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What were the '3 G’s' of Exploration?
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What was introduced in the Philippines with the coming of the Spanish colonizers?
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What was the social class of Filipinos educated in the late Spanish regime called?
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Which of the following were factors that contributed to the rise of the Chinese Mestizo?
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Inquilinos are similar to tenants.
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What worldview is founded on ideas of freedom and equality?
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What led to more intensive rice cultivation and production of crops in the Philippines?
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Study Notes
Spanish Expeditions and Colonization
- Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, led the first expedition to discover the Philippines while seeking the Spice Islands.
- He proved the Earth's roundness and named the archipelago after King Philip of Spain.
- Motivations for exploration are encapsulated in the "3 G's": God (spreading Catholicism), Gold (economic trade), and Glory (exploring new territories).
Technologies of Exploration
- Portolani: Early navigation charts depicting coastlines and distances, limited for overseas use.
- Cartography: The science of mapmaking.
- Compass: Instrument for determining direction.
- Astrolabe: Used to calculate latitude based on the sun or stars.
- Lateen sails: Triangular sails enhancing maneuverability of ships.
Spanish Occupation
- The Philippines was under Spanish rule for over 333 years.
Labor Systems and Justifications
- Forced labor was common in Western Europe, enabling land ownership by Spaniards with rights over local indigenous populations.
- Justified through religious beliefs, claiming to fulfill God's will to convert natives.
- The Law of Burgos mandated education for indigenous children by encomenderos with substantial landholdings.
Social Classes in Colonial Society
- Viceroys: Appointed by the king, acted as heads of colonies.
- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, held exclusive rights to higher governmental positions such as viceroys.
Education
- Introduction of a European-style education system influenced by Spanish colonizers.
- King Philip II's “Laws of the Indies” aimed to educate Filipinos in reading and writing Spanish, although actual instruction was often inadequate.
- First schools established by missionaries; later, colleges equivalent to high school emerged.
- The Royal Decree of 1839 initiated a public school system, leading to the emergence of the "Ilustrados," a new educated social class.
- The opening of the Suez Canal facilitated faster travel to Europe, enabling locals to pursue education abroad, particularly in Barcelona and Madrid.
Rise of Chinese Mestizo
- Economic and political changes in Europe began influencing Spain and the Philippines, leading to commercial agricultural development.
- The emergence of a new class: Chinese Mestizos, who gained influence and wealth through enterprise.
- Economic progress in the 19th century fostered a new middle class in the Philippines.
Rise of the Inquilinos
- Inquilinos, meaning “tenants,” emerged following the elimination of the Galleon Trade and the opening of the Suez Canal.
- They engaged in intensive rice cultivation, paying fixed rents based on land quality and size.
- Increased land consolidation led to conflicts over divisions of communal land and resource access, creating tensions between estate owners and workers.
Political Landscape
- Liberalism as a political ideology emphasizes freedom, equality, and the protection of individual rights against government abuse.
- The French Revolution (1789-1799) promoted principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, influencing political changes and anti-clerical sentiments in Europe.
- Political reforms and changes in governance during this period impacted global perspectives and structures.
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Description
Explore the significant events and technologies that shaped Spanish expeditions and colonization, including the role of Ferdinand Magellan. Discover the impact of the encomienda system and the long-term effects of Spanish occupation in the Philippines. This quiz covers key concepts related to exploration in the Age of Discovery.
