Exam Review #1: Matter and energy for life
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What are the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?

  • Carbohydrates, Fats, Lipids, DNA
  • Sugars, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (correct)
  • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids, Nucleic Acids

    • What are monomers?

    Monomers are small, simple molecules that can bind to one another to form large molecules called polymers.

    What type of bond is formed when monomers bind together?

  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Ionic bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Van der Waals bond

    • Polymers are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The breakdown of polymers is called ______.

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

    <p>(CH₂O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

    <p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are soluble in water.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of lipid?

    <p>Fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP?

    <p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule to form a bond, while hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The polysaccharide ______ provides structural support in plant cell walls.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms and are usually solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

    <p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is the primary storage form of glucose in plants.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes?

    <p>Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genetic information in a cell is stored in ______.

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA is involved in the production of proteins.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that is involved in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolysis is a process that breaks down polymers into monomers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

    <p>Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a lipid?

    <p>Fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>Proteins are involved in a wide range of functions, including structural support, catalysis, transport, and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three functions of Lipids?

    <p>Energy Storage, Structural support in the cell membranes (phospholipids), serve as reactants for metabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two reactions involved in building large organic molecules?

    <p>Condensation/Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct regarding saturated fats?

    <p>Solid at room temperature, usually found in animal products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic building blocks for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?

    <p>Monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the fundamental unit of life.

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical reaction involved in the breakdown of polymers is called condensation reaction?

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is a polar molecule

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks of carbohydrates are lipids.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

    • What do saturated fatty acids have?

    <p>Maximum number of hydrogen atoms (B), Usually solid at room temperature (D), Are found in animal products (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when bonds break due to the addition of water?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of polysaccharide?

    <p>Triglycerides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is used as energy for the cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks (or monomers) of proteins?

    <p>Amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks (or monomers) of carbohydrates are ______.

    <p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disaccharide commonly found in milk?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is found in the cell walls of plants?

    <p>cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major storage form of glucose in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are a class of macromolecules that dissolve readily in water.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main building block of most lipids?

    <p>fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the common lipid that contains fatty acids and glycerol?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature and are commonly found in animal products.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

    <p>catalyzing chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of macromolecule found in living organisms?

    <p>enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the group of proteins that help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts?

    <p>enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleic acids are complex organic molecules that store genetic information.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA?

    <p>Storing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid is involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules with the addition of water?

    <p>hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration synthesis is a process that builds up polymers by releasing water molecules.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which monomers are linked together to form polymers?

    <p>Condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macromolecules

    • Macromolecules are large carbon compounds built from smaller units called monomers
    • These monomers are linked together to form long chains, similar to a train assembled from individual cars.
    • Macromolecules are essential for life, serving many crucial functions in the human body.

    Types of Macromolecules

    • Carbohydrates:

      • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
      • General formula (CH₂O)ₙ, where n is the number of carbon atoms
      • Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
      • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units, such as glucose.
      • Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
      • Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen)
      • Carbohydrates provide energy to the body.

    • Lipids:

      • A diverse class of macromolecules that do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
      • Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
      • Lipids serve three main functions: storing energy, forming cell membranes, and serving as starting materials for some metabolic reactions.
      • Fatty acids are the building blocks of most lipids, these are categorized as saturated or unsaturated depending on the number of bonds between carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, leading to a solid state at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature (oils).
      • Triglycerides are a common type of lipid, consisting of glycerol combined with three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis.

    • Proteins:

      • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms
      • Proteins are the building blocks for many body parts, like hair, skin, nails, and blood.
      • Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids
      • Proteins often act as enzymes, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts, and are highly specific in their function.

    • Nucleic Acids: (DNA and RNA)

      • Complex organic molecules that store genetic information.
      • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
      • DNA stores genetic information in the nucleus of cells and RNA carries out instructions based on the information stored in DNA. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that is crucial for energy transfer within the cell, providing energy for cellular processes.

    Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis

    • Dehydration synthesis: A chemical reaction that combines monomers into polymers. A water molecule is removed in the process.
    • Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers. A water molecule is added in the process.

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    Description

    This quiz covers macromolecules, their structure, and functions in biological systems. It explains the various types, including carbohydrates and lipids, along with their characteristics and roles in the body. Test your understanding of these essential compounds vital for life.

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