Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for quick energy sources?
Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for quick energy sources?
Negative feedback loops amplify changes in a system.
Negative feedback loops amplify changes in a system.
False
What is the main purpose of nucleic acids?
What is the main purpose of nucleic acids?
Genetic information and protein synthesis
_________ synthesis involves the removal of water.
_________ synthesis involves the removal of water.
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Match the macromolecules with their examples:
Match the macromolecules with their examples:
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Which element is not commonly found in lipids?
Which element is not commonly found in lipids?
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Facilitated diffusion requires energy input to move molecules across a membrane.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy input to move molecules across a membrane.
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What role do phospholipids play in the cell membrane?
What role do phospholipids play in the cell membrane?
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Insulin functions through a _______ feedback loop.
Insulin functions through a _______ feedback loop.
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What is the primary function of proteins in organisms?
What is the primary function of proteins in organisms?
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What is a major difference between active transport and passive transport?
What is a major difference between active transport and passive transport?
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Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane.
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What are aquaporins?
What are aquaporins?
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The process of removing a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP is called __________.
The process of removing a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP is called __________.
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Match each type of solution with the correct description:
Match each type of solution with the correct description:
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Which organism occupies the tertiary consumer level in the food chain?
Which organism occupies the tertiary consumer level in the food chain?
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In a negative feedback loop, the system responds by enhancing the initial stimulus.
In a negative feedback loop, the system responds by enhancing the initial stimulus.
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What is the primary phase of an exponential growth curve?
What is the primary phase of an exponential growth curve?
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Cells are the __________ unit of life.
Cells are the __________ unit of life.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
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Facilitated diffusion does not require energy input to move molecules across a membrane.
Facilitated diffusion does not require energy input to move molecules across a membrane.
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What is the function of aquaporins?
What is the function of aquaporins?
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What process involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
What process involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
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The process of breaking down ATP to release energy is called __________.
The process of breaking down ATP to release energy is called __________.
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Which of the following best describes the role of complex carbohydrates in organisms?
Which of the following best describes the role of complex carbohydrates in organisms?
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Match the following types of solutions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of solutions with their descriptions:
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Proteins serve only as energy storage in organisms.
Proteins serve only as energy storage in organisms.
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What is a primary role of lipids in the cell?
What is a primary role of lipids in the cell?
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What type of feedback loop is utilized by insulin in the body?
What type of feedback loop is utilized by insulin in the body?
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Which of the following macromolecules is NOT directly involved in genetic coding?
Which of the following macromolecules is NOT directly involved in genetic coding?
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What role do producers play in an ecosystem?
What role do producers play in an ecosystem?
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The energy pyramid illustrates a constant increase in available energy at each trophic level.
The energy pyramid illustrates a constant increase in available energy at each trophic level.
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What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
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A __________ species, such as a sea otter, plays a key role in maintaining ecosystem balance.
A __________ species, such as a sea otter, plays a key role in maintaining ecosystem balance.
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What happens when a top predator is removed from an ecosystem?
What happens when a top predator is removed from an ecosystem?
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Biomass refers to the total mass of both living and non-living organisms in an ecosystem.
Biomass refers to the total mass of both living and non-living organisms in an ecosystem.
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Define the term 'trophic cascade'.
Define the term 'trophic cascade'.
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Biomass includes all organic matter that can be used as an energy source, and it is measured in __________.
Biomass includes all organic matter that can be used as an energy source, and it is measured in __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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In the energy pyramid, what typically happens to energy as it moves from producers to top consumers?
In the energy pyramid, what typically happens to energy as it moves from producers to top consumers?
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What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
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Energy decreases as it moves up the trophic levels in an energy pyramid.
Energy decreases as it moves up the trophic levels in an energy pyramid.
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Identify an example of a tertiary consumer in a marine ecosystem.
Identify an example of a tertiary consumer in a marine ecosystem.
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The level that contains the most energy in the energy pyramid is the __________ level.
The level that contains the most energy in the energy pyramid is the __________ level.
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Match the following organisms with their trophic roles:
Match the following organisms with their trophic roles:
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Which type of consumer directly eats primary consumers?
Which type of consumer directly eats primary consumers?
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Explain the 10% rule in the context of energy transfer in an ecosystem.
Explain the 10% rule in the context of energy transfer in an ecosystem.
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Primary consumers occupy the first level in an energy pyramid.
Primary consumers occupy the first level in an energy pyramid.
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A food ________ is a linear sequence showing who eats whom in an ecosystem.
A food ________ is a linear sequence showing who eats whom in an ecosystem.
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What happens to the energy available from producers to top consumers?
What happens to the energy available from producers to top consumers?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules formed by smaller organic molecules.
- Dehydration synthesis removes water to create bonds between monomers, forming polymers.
- Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds of polymers into smaller monomers.
- Simple carbohydrates are quick energy sources composed of monomers like glucose and fructose (C, H, O).
- Complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch, glycogen) are used for energy storage also consisted of monomers like glucose and fructose (C, H, O).
- Proteins (enzymes, hemoglobin) use amino acids (C, H, O, N, S) to catalyze reactions and provide structural support.
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are made up of nucleotides (C, H, O, N, P) for storing and transferring genetic information and protein synthesis.
- Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) use glycerol and fatty acids (C, H, O) for long-term energy storage and insulation.
Homeostasis and Feedback Loops
- Homeostasis is maintaining stable internal conditions in an organism.
- Positive feedback loops amplify changes, accelerating a process (e.g., childbirth).
- Negative feedback loops counteract changes, maintaining stability (e.g., body temperature).
- Insulin's feedback loop is a negative feedback example.
Matching Steps with Descriptions
- Stimuli are internal or external factors causing an imbalance.
- Sensor detects stimulus changes.
- Control Center receives signals and sends commands.
- Effector responds to the command, counteracting imbalance.
- Response restores the internal conditions to their set point.
Cell Membranes
- Cell membranes are semi-permeable, allowing specific substances to pass through.
- Phospholipid bilayer is the base structure of cell membranes.
- Selective permeability of membranes regulates what enters/exits the cell.
- Proteins in the cell membrane support transport of materials.
Cell Transport: Passive Transport
- Concentration gradient describes the difference in concentration between two areas.
- Dynamic equilibrium is when the concentration of a substance is equal throughout.
- Simple diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration (e.g., O2, CO2).
- Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins for molecule transport (e.g., glucose).
Cell Transport: Active Transport
- Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against a concentration gradient.
- Active transport moves things like ions, glucose and amino acids.
Cell Transport: Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
- Aquaporins are water channel proteins in cell membranes.
- Tonicity is a solution's ability to make a cell gain or lose water.
- Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell.
- Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration outside the cell.
- Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration outside the cell.
- A cell in a hypotonic solution will swell as water moves into the cell.
- A cell in a hypertonic solution will shrink as water moves out of the cell.
Ecology
- Biotic factors are living organisms (e.g., plants, animals).
- Abiotic factors are non-living parts of an environment (e.g., water, sunlight).
- Food chains display the flow of energy. Arrows show direction.
- Algae are producers in a food chain.
- Shrimp, Minnows, Bass, and Eagles are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers, respectively in a given food chain.
Energy Pyramid
- Energy pyramids show energy flow and loss in a food chain.
Growth Curve
- Growth curves can show exponential growth.
Characteristics of Life
- Characteristics of life include cells, reproduction, evolution, metabolism, genetic material, growth, development, response to stimuli, and photosynthesis/cellular respiration.
ATP and ADP
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has three phosphate groups, while ADP (adenosine diphosphate) has two.
- Reforming ATP requires energy (from food) to add a third phosphate.
Homeostasis and Infection
- Homeostasis can be disrupted by infection.
- Elevated body temperature (Fever) is a negative feedback loop effect of infection.
- Post-infection, homeostasis returns to normal conditions.
Additional Information:
- Simple carbohydrates are primarily responsible for quick energy sources.
- Negative feedback loops diminish changes, maintaining stability.
- The primary function of nucleic acids is storing and transmitting genetic information.
- Dehydration synthesis involves removing water molecules.
- Lipids do not contain nitrogen as a common element.
- Facilitated diffusion does not require energy.
- Phospholipids form the foundation of cell membranes.
- Insulin regulates blood sugar via negative feedback.
- Proteins are crucial for structural support and catalyzing reactions.
- Active transport requires energy, unlike passive transport.
- Osmosis is the movement of water, not solutes.
- Aquaporins facilitate water transport across membranes.
- Hydrolysis is the process of adding water to break down molecules.
- Lipids' primary function is long-term energy storage.
- Homeostasis refers to stable internal conditions.
- Proteins are essential for enzyme function.
- Carrier proteins aid facilitated diffusion.
- Cells shrink in a hypertonic solution.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy in photosynthesis.
- A trophic level is an organism's position in a food chain.
- Endocytosis brings substances into a cell, exocytosis expels them.
- Primary consumers feed on producers.
- Nitrogen is not a common element in lipids, but is in proteins.
- Feedback loops maintain balance by counteracting changes.
- Photosynthesis converts light into chemical energy in plants.
- Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
- In an isotonic solution, water movement is balanced.
- Nucleic acids are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information.
- Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP.
- Enzymes are proteins.
- The producer level holds the most energy in an energy pyramid.
- Dynamic equilibrium means equal movement across a membrane.
- Primary Consumers occupy the second level in a food web.
- Decomposers break down organic matter and recycle nutrients.
- Secondary consumers consume primary consumers.
- Tertiary consumers are above secondary consumers in a food web.
- Producers create energy-rich molecules.
- Energy pyramids show energy loss through trophic levels.
- The 10% rule describes energy transfer inefficiency.
- Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume it.
- A keystone species is a critical part of its ecosystem.
- Removing top predators causes ecosystem imbalances.
- Biomass is the total mass of living organisms.
- Trophic cascades refer to predator-prey relationships impacting ecosystems at various levels.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of macromolecules and their roles in biological processes. Learn about the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Additionally, delve into the concept of homeostasis and how feedback loops maintain stability within organisms.
