Macromolecules and Biological Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a polyunsaturated fat?

  • A fat that has more than one double bond between carbon atoms. (correct)
  • A fat that is solid at room temperature.
  • A fat that is liquid at room temperature.
  • A fat that has only one double bond between carbon atoms.

    • What is the definition of a saturated fat?

  • A fat that has more than one double bond between carbon atoms.
  • A fat that is solid at room temperature. (correct)
  • A fat that has only one double bond between carbon atoms.
  • A fat that is liquid at room temperature.

    • What are three examples of polysaccharides?

  • Glucose, fructose, galactose
  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose (correct)
  • DNA, RNA
  • Amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids

    • Which of the following are characteristics of lipids? (Check all that apply)

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polysaccharide is a long chain formed from multiple glucose molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves the removal of water from molecules to join these molecules together?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the formation of a dipeptide?

    <p>Amino Acid + Amino Acid = dipeptide + water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'R group' in amino acid structures?

    <p>A fundamental chemical group that varies between the different amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base does cytosine pair with?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base is found in RNA instead of thymine?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is the genetic material of all living things.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a water molecule like?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple diffusion?

    <p>Simple diffusion is a type of passive transport that does not require energy. It involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for osmosis to occur?

    <p>A partially permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of aerobic cell respiration?

    <p>carbon dioxide, ATP (energy) and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

    <p>Mitochondrial Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the chloroplast are carbohydrates made?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscope has higher resolution?

    <p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for magnification?

    <p>Magnification = image size / real size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for actual size?

    <p>Actual size = Image size / Magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for image size?

    <p>Image size = actual size x magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutagen?

    <p>An agent that is capable of permanently changing the base sequence of DNA in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of enzyme denaturation?

    <p>It will not perform its biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activation energy?

    <p>Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of cell respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in enzyme catalysis?

    <p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, ATP, and reduced coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle provides energy for active transport?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rubisco and what is it involved in?

    <p>Rubisco is an important enzyme involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photolysis?

    <p>The process that generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one product of the light-dependent reactions which is not needed for the light-independent reactions?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon fixation is a process of the light-dependent reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation represents photolysis?

    <p>$2H_2O + O_2 \rightarrow 4e^- + 4H^+ + photons$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an independent variable?

    <p>The variable that is changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a theory and a law in science?

    <p>A theory describes how something works, while a law is a generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the eight characteristics of life?

    <p>Cellular organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Heredity, Response to stimuli, Growth and development, Adaptation through evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heterotroph?

    <p>An organism that cannot make its own food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biotic factors?

    <p>Living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes are organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of macromolecules?

    <p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of monomers?

    <p>Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, glycerol/fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

    <p>A covalent bond is broken by adding a molecule of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a condensation reaction?

    <p>When two molecules bond through the loss of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>Fatty acid with one double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a triglyceride?

    <p>Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five main parts of protein structure?

    <p>Central Carbon, R group, Hydrogen, Amine, Carboxyl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deoxyribose?

    <p>A five-carbon sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of water molecules?

    <p>Polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adhesion?

    <p>An attraction between molecules of different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of water?

    <p>Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense as a solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the cell theory?

    <ol> <li>All living things are made of cells.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hydrophilic mean?

    <p>Attracted to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amphipatic?

    <p>The head and the two tails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypertonic solution?

    <p>A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells (cells shrink) LESS WATER THAN IN CELL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an isotonic solution?

    <p>Has equal amounts of solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive transport does not require energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

    <p>Endo - into the cell (engulf). Exo - out of the cell (excrete).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of cell growth in the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, S, G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of cell division?

    <p>Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming mRNA called?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attached to the tRNA molecule?

    <p>An amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of nucleotides needed to code for 210 amino acids?

    <p>630</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are amino acids joined to make polypeptides?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bases are there in a codon?

    <p>3 bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond holds amino acid together?

    <p>Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme adds RNA nucleotides during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a silent mutation on a protein?

    <p>It has no effect on the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause mutations?

    <p>UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in a fertilizer experiment?

    <p>Amt of fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are living things made up of?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intermolecular forces exist between water molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attraction of water to other water particles called?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of lipids?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds join amino acid units into polypeptides?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of a cell membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macromolecules and Biological Processes

    • Lipids: Diverse biomolecules, hydrophobic, soluble in non-polar solvents, mostly hydrocarbon chains (C&H). Some have polar regions (amphipathic).
    • Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature, single bonds between carbons.
    • Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature, double bonds between carbons. Polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond.
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of glucose molecules, examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
    • Dehydration Synthesis: Joins molecules by removing water. Formation of a dipeptide is an example, with Amino Acid + Amino Acid --> dipeptide + water.
    • Proteins: Complex molecules formed from amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon, hydrogen, amine group, carboxyl group, and an R group. The R group varies between different amino acids.
    • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA. DNA's sugar is deoxyribose; RNA's sugar is ribose. DNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine (A-T, G-C pairing). RNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine (A-U, G-C). DNA is the genetic material.
    • Water: Polar molecule with opposite charges at opposite ends. Important for cohesion and adhesion. It also has high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and is less dense as a solid.
    • Cell Transport:
      • Simple Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of protein channels.
      • Active Transport: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
      • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Requires a partially permeable membrane. Hypertonic means a higher solute concentration outside the cell; hypotonic means a lower concentration; isotonic means equal concentration.
    • Cell Respiration: Aerobic process that produces ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
      • Glycolysis: The first stage of cell respiration.
      • Krebs Cycle: Middle stage of cell respiration that takes place in the Mitochondrial Matrix. It produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and reduced coenzymes.
      • Anaerobic Respiration (in yeast): Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
    • Photosynthesis: The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (sugar) using water and carbon dioxide. It happens in chloroplasts.
      • Light-Dependent Reactions: Generate ATP, electrons, and oxygen from water using sunlight. Oxygen is a product of the light-dependent reactions but not needed for the light-independent reactions. Photolysis (splitting of water) happens here.
      • Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Carbon fixation happens here, using carbon dioxide and ATP to make sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast.
    • Microscopy: Electron microscopes provide higher resolution than light microscopes. Magnification = image size/real size. Real size = image size / magnification. Image size = actual size x magnification.
    • Cell Structure and Classification: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have them, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes also have 80s ribosomes. Living things are made up of cells.
    • Genetics: Mutations (changes in DNA) can be caused by mutagens. Enzymes catalyze reactions and have an active site for this. Silent mutations have no effect on protein function.
    • Important Concepts:
      • Categorizing living things: Autotrophs make their own food (photosynthesis); heterotrophs cannot. Biotic means living, abiotic means non-living.
      • Control Variables: The independent variable is changed; the dependent variable is measured. Experiments should have control variables, and the difference in effects can be measured.
      • Enzyme denaturation: Denatured enzymes lose their biological function. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur which the enzyme may reduce.

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    Explore the fascinating world of macromolecules including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in this quiz. Test your understanding of their structures, functions, and the processes like dehydration synthesis that link them together. Perfect for biology students eager to deepen their knowledge of biological chemistry!

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