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Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides are made of two sugar units.
Monosaccharides are made of two sugar units.
False
What are the main elements that make up carbohydrates?
What are the main elements that make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Monosaccharides can dissolve in water because they form a _____ when dissolved.
Monosaccharides can dissolve in water because they form a _____ when dissolved.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
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Lactose is formed from glucose and glucose.
Lactose is formed from glucose and glucose.
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What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?
What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?
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Polysaccharides are made by long chains of repeating units of __________.
Polysaccharides are made by long chains of repeating units of __________.
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Match the following disaccharides with their components:
Match the following disaccharides with their components:
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Which polysaccharide is primarily used by plants to store sugar?
Which polysaccharide is primarily used by plants to store sugar?
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Cellulose is digestible by humans.
Cellulose is digestible by humans.
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What is the primary reason humans cannot digest grass?
What is the primary reason humans cannot digest grass?
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What is the primary role of fiber in the human diet?
What is the primary role of fiber in the human diet?
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Chitin is a polysaccharide found in plant cells.
Chitin is a polysaccharide found in plant cells.
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Name two sources of dietary fiber.
Name two sources of dietary fiber.
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Fiber has a significant role in promoting the growth of ______ gut bacteria.
Fiber has a significant role in promoting the growth of ______ gut bacteria.
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Match the type of carbohydrate to its characteristic:
Match the type of carbohydrate to its characteristic:
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Which type of glucose is characterized by the OH group being below the ring?
Which type of glucose is characterized by the OH group being below the ring?
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Cellulose is a soluble fiber that is easily digested by humans.
Cellulose is a soluble fiber that is easily digested by humans.
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Study Notes
Your Vibe Attracts Your Tribe
- This is a general statement, not specific information to study
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules crucial for living organisms
- They are composed of smaller units called monomers
- There are four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates: General Info
- Carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and fibers found in foods like fruits, grains, vegetables, pop, candy, juice, and milk products
- They are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) with carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups
- The general formula is (CH₂O)ₙ, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms
- Glucose has the formula C₆H₁₂O₆
- Many carbohydrate names end with "-saccharide" or "-ose" (e.g., monosaccharide, glucose). Common examples include barley malt, beet sugar, brown sugar, cane sugar, caramel, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, dextrose, fructose, fruit juice, etc.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Primary source of energy for the body
- Extra carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver or as fat
- Involved in cell surface markers and communication
- Aid in digesting proteins and fats
- Serve as building materials (e.g., chitin in insects, cellulose in plants)
- Provide dietary fiber for humans
Carbohydrates: Structure
- Carbohydrates are categorized as simple or complex
- Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides (one sugar unit) and disaccharides (two sugar units)
- Complex carbohydrates include polysaccharides (many sugar units)
- Examples of monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
- Examples of disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose
- Examples of polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Monosaccharides
- Single sugar units
- General formula is C₆H₁₂O₆
- Structural isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose
- Dissolve in water due to hydroxyl groups
Disaccharides
- Formed from two monosaccharides
- Examples include sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Bond formed is called a glycosidic linkage
Building Disaccharides
- Condensation reactions combine two glucose molecules to form maltose
- A C-O-C bond is produced, called a glycosidic bond
Polysaccharides
- Long chains of repeating monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages
- Include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
Starch
- Main energy storage in plants
- Found in seeds and tubers
- Composed of amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) chains
- Made of glucose molecules joined by α-1,4-glycosidic linkages and some α-1,6-glycosidic linkages
Glycogen
- Storage carbohydrate in animals
- Stored in liver and muscle cells
- Highly branched, similar to amylopectin
- Made of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic linkages and occasional α-1,6-glycosidic bonds for branching
Cellulose
- Structural component in plant cell walls
- Made of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages
- Linear structure with prominent hydrogen bonds between chains
- Humans cannot digest cellulose due to the inability to hydrolyze the β-glycosidic linkages.
Dietary Fiber
- Non-digestible component of plant cells
- Promotes digestion by stimulating peristalsis, enzyme secretion, and adding bulk to stool
- Improves gut bacteria growth
Chitin
- Structural component in exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, and cell walls of fungi
- Forms long, fibrous chains, providing strength and support
Summary
- Monosaccharides are single sugar units, disaccharides are two, and polysaccharides are many sugar units
- These different structures affect digestibility
- Storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) have easily broken bonds
- Cellulose, a structural polysaccharide, animals cannot digest
- These substances play vital roles in the body and the food we eat.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of macromolecules, focusing on carbohydrates. Learn about their structure, functions, and importance as a primary source of energy. This quiz covers key concepts essential for understanding biological macromolecules.
