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Questions and Answers

Match the radiographic projection with the correct central ray (CR) location:

AP Scapula = 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the coracoid process Lateral Scapula = Mid-medial border of the scapula AP AC Joints (Bilateral) = 1 inch above jugular notch AP AC Joints (Unilateral) = 1 inch below affected AC joint

Match the radiographic projection with the patient position that best describes it:

AP Scapula = Upright or supine, arm abducted 90° Lateral Scapula = RAO/LAO (45°-60° oblique), scapula centered to grid AP AC Joints = Erect, posterior shoulders against cassette, equal weight on both feet Inferosuperior Axial Projection = Abduct arm 90°

Match the radiographic projection with the evaluation criteria that apply:

AP Scapula = Lateral scapula free from rib superimposition Lateral Scapula = Lateral and medial borders of scapula superimposed AP AC Joints = AC joints included, no rotation/leaning, demonstration of clear AC joint separation if present West Point Method = Demonstrates Hill-Sachs Defect

Match the term with the correct description regarding shoulder injuries:

Hill-Sachs Defect = Impacted fracture on the posterolateral humeral head caused by anterior dislocation of the shoulder Shoulder Dislocation = Displacement of the head of the humerus from the glenoid fossa Rafert Modification = Views Hill-Sachs Defect Stryker Notch Method = Demonstrates Hill-Sachs Defect Signup and view all the answers

Match the required breathing instructions to the radiographic examination:

AP Scapula = Shallow breathing Lateral Scapula = Normal breathing AP AC Joints = Suspended respiration Inferosuperior Axial Projection = Normal breathing Signup and view all the answers

Match the arm position or movement to the corresponding radiographic projection:

AP Scapula = Abduct arm 90°, supinate hand, flex elbow Lateral Scapula (Acromion/Coracoid) = Flex elbow, place hand on posterior thorax Lateral Scapula (Scapula Body) = Extend arm or bring across chest AP AC Joints = Arms at sides Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical features of the proximal humerus with their correct description:

Head = Articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint. Anatomical Neck = Region located below and lateral to the head, connecting to the tubercles. Greater Tubercle = A point for muscle attachment on the lateral aspect of the humerus. Surgical Neck = A common site for fractures, located distal to the tubercles. Signup and view all the answers

Match the special projection to its purpose of showing the Hill-Sachs Defect:

Rafert Modification = Modified view to enhance visualization of humeral head defects Inferosuperior Axial Projection = Axial view to assess the glenohumeral joint and related defects West Point Method = Tangential view for visualizing the anterior-inferior glenoid rim and Hill-Sachs lesions Stryker Notch Method = Specialized view for demonstration of the Hill-Sachs Defect Signup and view all the answers

Match the bones of the shoulder girdle with how they connect to the trunk:

Clavicle = Connects to the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. Scapula = Connects to the trunk via muscles in the posterior aspect. Sternum = Connects to the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint. Humerus = Does not directly connect to the trunk. Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic projection with specific collimation practices:

AP Scapula = Closely around scapula area Lateral Scapula = Closely around scapula area AP AC Joints = Long narrow field, upper border at shoulder soft tissue margins Inferosuperior Axial Projection = Around affected shoulder area Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions to the corresponding part of the clavicle:

Acromial Extremity = The lateral end that articulates with the acromion of the scapula. Sternal Extremity = The medial end that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. Double Curve = A characteristic that increases the bone's strength. Shaft = Main body of the clavicle between the two extremities. Signup and view all the answers

Match the borders of the scapula with their correct location:

Lateral Border = Extends from the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle. Medial Border = Runs from the superior angle to the inferior angle along the spine. Superior Border = Located between the superior angle and the coracoid process. Inferior Angle = Junction of the medial and lateral borders. Signup and view all the answers

Match the angles of the Scapula with their correct description:

Superior Angle = Located at the junction of the superior and medial borders. Inferior Angle = Formed by the meeting of the medial and lateral borders. Lateral Angle = Where the glenoid cavity is located. Spine of Scapula = Located at the posterior aspect of the scapula. Signup and view all the answers

Match the scapular surface with their feature:

Costal Surface = Features the subscapular fossa, providing an attachment for the subscapularis muscle. Dorsal Surface = Divided by the spinous process, creating supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. Glenoid Cavity = Articulates with the head of the humerus. Acromion = Articulates with the clavicle. Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic projection of the humerus with the correct positioning of the hand:

AP Projection = Hand supinated with epicondyles parallel to the IR. Lateral Projection = Hand internally rotated with epicondyles perpendicular to the IR. Transthoracic Lateral Projection = Arm in neutral rotation; opposite arm raised above head. Grashey Method = Patient rotated 35-45 degrees toward the affected side. Signup and view all the answers

Match the joint in the shoulder region with its components.

Sternoclavicular Joint = Where the sternum and clavicle articulate. Acromioclavicular Joint = Where the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle connect. Glenohumeral Joint = A ball-and-socket joint, i.e. the articulation between the humerus and glenoid fossa. Scapulothoracic Joint = The articulation of the anterior scapula and the posterior ribcage. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following instructions with the purpose they serve during radiographic imaging of the humerus:

Remove Jewelry = Prevents artifacts that can obscure anatomical structures. Suspend Respiration = Minimizes motion blur, which is important for image sharpness. Use Collimation = Reduces scatter radiation, improving image quality and reduces patient exposure. Use Lead Shielding = Minimizes radiation exposure to sensitive body areas. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their significance for understanding shoulder joint function.

Glenoid Labrum = A fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa. Rotator Cuff Muscles = Muscles that provide stability and control movement of the glenohumeral joint. Scapulohumeral Rhythm = The coordinated movement between the scapula and humerus. Capsular Ligaments = Blend with the glenohumeral ligaments providing stability. Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic criteria with the projection that best demonstrates them:

Humerus AP = Greater tubercle seen laterally in profile. Humerus Lateral = Epicondyles are superimposed. Transthoracic Lateral = Entire humerus is visualized without superimposition from the opposite humerus. Axillary Lateral = Demonstrates the relationship of the humerus to the glenoid fossa. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to joint classification:

Diarthrodial = Freely movable joint. Synovial = Joint characterized by a fluid-filled cavity. Amphiarthrodial = Slightly movable articulation. Synarthrodial = Immovable joint or articulation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the anatomical structure with its corresponding radiographic appearance:

Humeral Head = Smooth, rounded contour articulating with the glenoid fossa. Lesser Tubercle = Appears in profile on a properly positioned lateral projection. Glenoid Cavity = Shallow depression on the scapula that receives the humeral head. Coracoid Process = Hook-like process projecting anteriorly from the scapula. Signup and view all the answers

Match the positioning consideration with its effect on the resulting radiograph:

Patient Rotation = Can distort the true anatomical relationships. Incorrect Central Ray Angle = Can lead to foreshortening or elongation of structures. Improper Collimation = Can compromise image quality and increase radiation exposure. Motion During Exposure = Results in blurring of the radiographic image. Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiation protection practice with its primary purpose:

Collimation = Limiting the primary beam to the area of interest. Lead Shielding = Protecting radiosensitive organs from scatter radiation. Optimal Exposure Factors = Reducing the need for repeat exposures. ALARA Principle = Keeping radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable. Signup and view all the answers

Match the shoulder projection method with its primary evaluation focus:

Garth Method = Assessing acute trauma, posterior dislocations, glenoid fractures, Hill-Sachs defects, and calcifications AP Oblique (Apple Method) = Showing cartilage loss using weight abduction Tangential (Neer Method) = Diagnosing shoulder impingement by showing the coracoacromial arch Tangential (Fisk Modification) = Evaluating the intertubercular groove of the humerus Signup and view all the answers

Match the projection with the anatomical relationship it is best suited to evaluate:

Superoinferior Axial Projection = Joint relationship between humerus and glenoid cavity AP Axial Projection = Humeral head relationship with glenoid cavity, often for posterior dislocations Tangential (Neer Method) = Supraspinatus outlet for shoulder impingement Tangential (Fisk Modification) = Intertubercular groove of the humerus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following shoulder pathology with the projection method best suited for its evaluation:

Hill-Sachs defect = Garth Method Shoulder Impingement = Tangential (Neer Method) Posterior Dislocation = AP Axial Projection Cartilage Loss = AP Oblique (Apple Method) Signup and view all the answers

Match each description with the name of corresponding projection.

Apple Method = Uses weight abduction to show cartilage loss Neer Method = PA oblique projection (RAO/LAO) for supraspinatus outlet Garth Method = Assesses acute trauma and posterior dislocations Fisk Modification = Evaluates the intertubercular groove Signup and view all the answers

Match the projection method to its technical description

Grashey Method = Similar to the AP Oblique (Apple Method) Tangential (Neer Method) = PA oblique projection (RAO/LAO) Superoinferior Axial Projection = Evaluates joint relationships between humerus and glenoid cavity AP Axial Projection = Evaluates humeral head relationship with glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

Match the shoulder projection with the correct hand position:

Internal Rotation (AP) = Back of hand resting on hip External Rotation (AP) = Supinated hand Neutral Position (AP) = Palm resting on thigh Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Palm up Signup and view all the answers

Match the shoulder projection with the correct central ray (CR) location:

Internal Rotation (AP) = 1 inch inferior to coracoid process Neutral Position (AP) = ¾ inch inferior to coracoid process Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Centered to axilla and humeral head Oblique (Grashey Method) = Not specified in documentation Signup and view all the answers

Associate the positioning of the patient with the projection:

Internal Rotation (AP) = Rotate toward affected shoulder, scapula parallel to IR External Rotation (AP) = Rotate toward affected shoulder, scapula parallel to IR Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Supine, arm abducted 90° from body Oblique (Grashey Method) = Posterior oblique position Signup and view all the answers

Match the image evaluation criteria with the appropriate shoulder projection:

Internal Rotation (AP) = Lesser tubercle in profile, pointing medially External Rotation (AP) = Humeral head and greater tubercle in profile Neutral Position (AP) = Greater tubercle partially superimposing humeral head Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Coracoid process and lesser tubercle in profile Signup and view all the answers

Match the shoulder projection with its specific indication or use:

Internal Rotation (AP) = Visualization of the lesser tubercle External Rotation (AP) = Visualization of the greater tubercle Neutral Position (AP) = Initial assessment in trauma cases Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Lateral view of proximal humerus and scapulohumeral cavity Signup and view all the answers

Correlate the degree of humeral overlap with the glenoid cavity to the shoulder projection:

Internal Rotation (AP) = More overlap than in external/neutral External Rotation (AP) = Slight overlap with humeral head Neutral Position (AP) = Slight overlap of humeral head and glenoid Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Superimposed borders of the glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

Match the projection with specific aspects of bony anatomy that it best visualizes:

Internal Rotation (AP) = Medial aspect of the humerus External Rotation (AP) = Lateral aspect of the humerus Neutral Position (AP) = General overview of the shoulder joint Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Axillary view of the shoulder joint Signup and view all the answers

Match the patient position adjustment to the shoulder projection:

All AP projections = Scapula parallel to IR Internal Rotation (AP) = Affected shoulder close to the IR External Rotation (AP) = Affected shoulder close to the IR Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method) = Arm abducted away from the body Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic view with its primary image evaluation criterion regarding anatomical structures:

Shoulder - CR = Open joint space between humeral head and glenoid cavity; Glenoid cavity in profile Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Proximal humerus, scapula, clavicle, and humerus visible through lung field; Scapula superimposed over thoracic spine Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Humeral head and glenoid cavity superimposed; Scapula in lateral profile Clavicle -- AP = Ensure AC and SC joints are included within the collimated area Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic exam with the recommended respiration instructions:

Clavicle -- AP & AP Axial = Suspend at the end of inhalation to help elevate the clavicles for better visualization Shoulder - CR = Suspend respiration maintains a consistent image quality by minimizing motion artifacts Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Suspend respiration maintains a consistent image quality by minimizing motion artifacts Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Suspend respiration maintains a consistent image quality by minimizing motion artifacts Signup and view all the answers

Match the radiographic view with the appropriate patient position:

Shoulder - CR = Patient Position: Perpendicular to glenoid cavity, entering 2 inches medial and inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder. Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Supine or upright lateral, with the affected limb closer to the image receptor (IR) Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Upright or recumbent, in either a RAO or LAO position Clavicle -- AP & AP Axial = Upright or supine, with arms positioned at the sides Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its relevance to shoulder radiography:

Collimation = Restricting the beam to the area of interest reduces scatter and improves image quality. Superimposition = The alignment of anatomical structures in a specific projection to aid in diagnosis. Profile Views = Ensuring the correct angle of the humeral head, tubercles, and scapula to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Bony Trabecular Detail = Clear visibility helps in assessing bone health and detecting subtle fractures or lesions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the shoulder projection with its key feature:

Shoulder - CR = Visualization of the glenoid cavity in profile to assess joint space Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Visualization of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle through the lung field, ideal for trauma assessment Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Superimposition of the humeral head and glenoid cavity in lateral profile of the scapula Clavicle -- AP Axial = Cephalic angulation to reduce superimposition of the clavicle and ribs Signup and view all the answers

Match the collimation size with the appropriate radiographic view:

Shoulder - CR = 8 × 10 inches (18 × 24 cm) Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Close on four sides to the area of interest Clavicle -- AP & AP Axial = 8 × 12 inches (18 × 30 cm), ensure AC and SC joints are included Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Close to area of interest Signup and view all the answers

Match the positioning consideration with the corresponding radiographic view:

Shoulder - CR = Perpendicular to glenoid cavity Shoulder -- Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence) = Unaffected shoulder cannot be elevated, angle the CR 10°-15° cephalad Shoulder -- PA Oblique (Scapular Y) = Scapula in lateral profile Clavicle -- AP = Arms at sides Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Humerus

Largest bone in the upper limb; articulates with the scapula.

Humeral Head

Rounded end of the humerus that fits into the scapula.