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IoT Concept and Framework

• IoT (Internet of Things) is a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting physical and virtual things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies (ICT).
• IoT adds the dimension "Any THING communication" to ICT, which already provide "any TIME" and "any PLACE" communication.

IoT Architecture

• IoT architecture consists of three layers: Service Support and Application Support Layer, Network Layer, and Device Layer.
• Service Support and Application Support Layer includes generic support capabilities (e.g., data processing, data storage) and specific support capabilities (e.g., for diversified applications).
• Network Layer consists of Networking capabilities (e.g., access and transport resource control, mobility management, authentication) and Transport capabilities (e.g., providing connectivity for IoT service and application specific data).

IoT Applications and Services

• IoT applications include intelligent transportation systems, smart grid, e-health, smart home, and others.
• IoT applications can be based on proprietary application platforms or built upon common service/application support platforms.
• Autonomic services provisioning, location-based capabilities, security, privacy protection, and high quality and highly secure human body related services are some of the key features of IoT applications.

M2M Concept

• M2M (Machine-to-Machine) ecosystem is organized in a 3-Layer conceptual model: Network Services Layer, M2M Services Layer, and Application Layer.
• Network Services Layer is provided by the Network Service Provider.
• M2M Services Layer is based on Internet Protocol (IP) and provided by the M2M Service Provider.
• Application Layer is provided by the Application Service Provider, catering to End User Applications.

IoT Communication Models

• Devices can communicate with other devices using direct communication through a local network (e.g., ad-hoc network) and then communicate through the communication network via a local network gateway.
• Combinations of cases are possible, such as devices communicating with other devices using direct communication and then communication through the communication network via a local network gateway.

IoT Applications

• IoT applications include intelligent transportation systems, smart grid, e-health, and smart home.
• Applications can be based on proprietary application platforms or built upon common service/application support platforms providing generic enabling capabilities, such as authentication, device management, charging, and accounting.

IoT Network Infrastructure

• IoT network infrastructure may be realized via existing networks (e.g., conventional TCP/IP-based networks) and/or evolving networks (e.g., next-generation networks).
• Communication networks provide capabilities for reliable and efficient data transfer.

Autonomic Services Provisioning

• Autonomic services need to be able to capture, communicate, and process automatically the data of things based on rules configured by operators or customized by subscribers.
• Autonomic services may depend on techniques of automatic data fusion and data mining.

Location-Based Capabilities

• Location-based capabilities need to be supported in the IoT.
• Something-related communications and services will depend on the location information of things and/or users.

Security and Privacy

• In the IoT, every 'thing' is connected, resulting in significant security threats, such as threats towards confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of both data and services.
• Privacy protection needs to be supported in the IoT.
• Sensed data of things may contain private information concerning their owners or users.

Gateway Capabilities

• Gateway capabilities may communicate through various technologies, such as PSTN, 2G/3G networks, LTE, Ethernet, or DSL.
• Protocol conversion is needed when communications at the device layer use different device layer protocols or when communications involving both the device layer and network layer use different protocols.

Management Capabilities

• IoT management capabilities cover traditional fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) classes.
• IoT management capabilities can be categorized into generic management capabilities and specific management capabilities.

IoT Ecosystem

• The IoT ecosystem includes device providers, network providers, platform providers, application providers, and application customers.
• The device provider is responsible for devices providing raw data and/or content to the network provider and application provider according to the service logic.
• The network provider plays a central role in the IoT ecosystem, performing access and integration of resources provided by other providers, supporting and controlling the IoT capabilities infrastructure, and offering IoT capabilities, including network capabilities and resource exposure to other providers.

IoT Business Models

• IoT ecosystem players may have a variety of relationships in real deployments, based on different possible business models.
• Different business models include variations of models where platform providers are not included or provide only applications.

M2M Concept

• The M2M ecosystem is organized in a 3-Layer conceptual model, consisting of:
  • Network Services Layer: Provided by the Network Service Provider.
  • M2M Services Layer: Based on Internet Protocol (IP) and provided by the M2M Service Provider.
  • Application Layer: Provided by the Application Service Provider catering to End User Applications.

Learning Objectives

• Understand IoT framework and models
• Understand IoT architecture
• Understand IoT security
• Understand M2M
• Understand NB-IoT

Introduction to IoT

• IoT integrates leading technologies like machine-to-machine communication, autonomic networking, data mining, security, and cloud computing
• IoT adds "Any THING communication" to existing information and communication technologies (ICTs) which already provide "any TIME" and "any PLACE" communication

Fundamental Characteristics and High-Level Requirements of IoT

• Interconnectivity: anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure
• Things-related services: IoT provides thing-related services within the constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency
• Heterogeneity: devices in IoT are heterogeneous based on different hardware platforms and networks
• Dynamic changes: devices' state changes dynamically, and the number of devices can change dynamically
• Enormous scale: IoT will have an enormous scale of devices that need to be managed and communicated with each other

High-Level Requirements

• Identification-based connectivity: IoT needs to support connectivity between a thing and the IoT based on the thing's identifier
• Interoperability: IoT needs to ensure interoperability among heterogeneous and distributed systems
• Autonomic networking: IoT needs to support autonomic networking, including self-management, self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and self-protecting techniques

Management Capabilities

• IoT management capabilities cover traditional fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) classes
• IoT management capabilities can be categorized into generic management capabilities and specific management capabilities

IoT Business Models

• Model 1: player A operates device, network, platform, and applications, and serves application customers directly
• Model 2: player A operates device, network, and platform, and player B operates application and serves application customers
• Model 3: player A operates network and platform, player B operates device and applications, and serves application customers
• Model 4: player A operates network, and player B operates device and platform, providing applications to application customers

IoT Devices

• Devices in IoT need to support communication capabilities.
• Devices are categorized into: • Data-carrying devices: attached to physical things to indirectly connect them with communication networks. • Data-capturing devices: interact with physical things through indirect or direct means, using technologies like radio frequency, infrared, optical, and galvanic driving. • Sensing and actuating devices: detect or measure environmental information and convert it into digital electronic signals, or vice versa.

IoT Characteristics

• IoT will have an enormous scale, with a large number of devices managed and communicating with each other.
• Device-triggered communication will increase, and data management and interpretation will become critical.

High-Level Requirements

• Identification-based connectivity: connectivity between a thing and IoT is established based on the thing's identifier.
• Interoperability: ensured among heterogeneous and distributed systems.
• Autonomic networking: self-management, self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and self-protecting techniques supported.
• Autonomic services provisioning: services provided by capturing, communicating, and processing data automatically.
• Location-based capabilities: supported in IoT, with location information sensed and tracked automatically.
• Security: critical due to connected devices, with threats towards confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of data and services.
• Privacy protection: supported during data transmission, aggregation, storage, mining, and processing.

Service Support and Application Support Layer

• Consists of generic support capabilities and specific support capabilities.
• Generic support capabilities: common capabilities used by different IoT applications, such as data processing or storage.
• Specific support capabilities: particular capabilities catering to diversified applications, with various detailed capability groupings.

Network Layer

• Consists of networking capabilities and transport capabilities.
• Networking capabilities: provide relevant control functions of network connectivity.
• Transport capabilities: focus on providing connectivity for IoT service and application-specific data.

IoT Business Models

• Model 1: player A operates device, network, platform, and applications, serving application customers directly.
• Model 2: player A operates device, network, and platform, while player B operates application and serves application customers.
• Model 3: player A operates network and platform, while player B operates device and applications, serving application customers.
• Model 4: player A operates network, and player B operates device and platform, providing applications to application customers.