Lymphatic System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?

  • Active immunity can only occur naturally, while passive immunity is always artificially induced.
  • Active immunity is temporary, while passive immunity is permanent.
  • Active immunity develops through infection or vaccination, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies. (correct)
  • Active immunity does not involve the immune system, while passive immunity does.

How do vaccines typically induce an immune response in the body?

  • By weakening the pathogen without eliminating it entirely.
  • By exposing the immune system to an antigen. (correct)
  • By introducing live pathogens that replicate.
  • By providing immediate antibodies from another individual.

Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?

  • A severe, immediate allergic response that can cause dangerous symptoms. (correct)
  • An allergic reaction that only occurs after repeated exposure to an allergen.
  • A mild allergic reaction with localized symptoms.
  • A slow allergic response that lasts for several hours.

What role do memory B and T lymphocytes play in vaccination?

<p>They enable faster and stronger immune responses upon re-exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of opportunistic infections?

<p>They can only occur if the immune system is compromised. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does passive immunity typically manifest in infants?

<p>Through IgG antibodies transferred from the mother during pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is responsible for causing AIDS?

<p>HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?

<p>Some modern vaccines are created using genetic engineering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immune response involved in delayed allergic reactions?

<p>T cell activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?

<p>Bone marrow transplant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), what type of antibodies do patients produce in excess that affects their health?

<p>Anti-DNA antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by muscle weakness and can lead to respiratory failure?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor is suggested to contribute to autoimmune diseases according to the Hygiene Hypothesis?

<p>Living in urban areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response accurately describes organ rejection in transplantation?

<p>The immune system attacks the new organ as 'not self' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes contact dermatitis?

<p>Reaction occurs at the site of antigen contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases?

<p>Genetic predisposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymphatic capillaries play in homeostasis?

<p>Absorb excess interstitial fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a primary lymphatic organ?

<p>Spleen (B), Lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen?

<p>Filter blood and engulf pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body identify foreign substances?

<p>Using antigen receptors on immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?

<p>Passive immunity is temporary and does not involve antibody production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines released by helper T cells?

<p>Regulate the immune response and attract other immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody type is primarily found in saliva and breast milk?

<p>IgA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do memory T cells provide to the immune system?

<p>Sustained immunity against previously encountered pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the complement system?

<p>Increase immune responses and attract phagocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of perforins released by cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Cause lysis of target cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte type is the first to arrive at the site of infection?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity occurs from the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?

<p>Passive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do B lymphocytes possess?

<p>Antigen receptors specific to pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active Immunity

A type of immunity developed naturally after fighting off a pathogen or artificially by exposure to the antigen.

Immunization

A method of artificially developing active immunity. It exposes the immune system to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen.

Vaccine

A substance containing an antigen that triggers an immune response.

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity where prepared antibodies are given to an individual, usually through an injection. This provides temporary protection.

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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

A condition caused by HIV, characterized by a weakened immune system due to low T helper cell count, making the body susceptible to opportunistic infections.

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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

A virus that infects and destroys T helper cells and macrophages, leading to AIDS if left untreated.

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Opportunistic infection

An infection that only occurs when the immune system is compromised.

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Allergy

An exaggerated immune response to a typically harmless substance, like pollen or food.

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Delayed Allergic Response

A delayed immune response triggered by T cells at the site of allergen contact. This reaction can cause inflammation and redness. Example: TB test, skin contact with poison ivy.

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Autoimmune Disease

An immune response where the body's own immune system attacks its own tissues. It can be caused by a misidentification of 'self' by the immune system. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.

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Rheumatic Fever

A type of autoimmune disease that occurs after infections, often involves streptococcal infections. The antibodies that fight the infection also attack the heart muscle, causing damage.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A serious autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies that attack DNA, affecting various tissues, including the central nervous system, heart and kidneys.

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Myasthenia Gravis

A type of autoimmune disease that targets muscle cells. Antibodies attack and weaken muscles, leading to muscle weakness and potential respiratory failure.

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Hygiene Hypothesis

The theory that excessive cleanliness and lack of exposure to diverse pathogens can contribute to autoimmune disorders. The immune system needs regular contact with pathogens to develop a proper understanding of 'self' and 'not self'.

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Immune Tolerance

The ability of the immune system to distinguish 'self' from 'non-self', recognizing and fighting foreign invaders like bacteria or viruses.

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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)

A severe immune deficiency disease characterized by a lack of both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. This makes individuals vulnerable to infections. Treatment often involves bone marrow transplant or gene therapy.

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Lymphatic system

A system of vessels and organs responsible for fluid balance, fat absorption, and defense against disease.

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Interstitial fluid

Fluid composed primarily of water, nutrients, electrolytes, and cellular waste, which circulates through the lymphatic vessels.

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Primary lymphatic organs

Lymphatic organs that produce immune cells, including red bone marrow and the thymus.

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Secondary lymphatic organs

Lymphatic organs that filter lymph and house immune cells, including lymph nodes and the spleen.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of producing all types of blood cells, including red blood cells and various white blood cells.

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B cell

A type of white blood cell that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies.

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T cell

A type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus and directly targets infected cells.

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Thymus

The soft, bilobed organ located in the chest that is responsible for the maturation of T cells.

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Spleen

The largest lymphatic organ, located in the upper left abdomen, that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells.

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Lymph nodes

Small bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells, located along lymphatic vessels.

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Immunity

The body's ability to recognize and fight off foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells.

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Innate immunity

The first line of defense against pathogens, which involves physical and chemical barriers.

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Antigen

A large protein molecule that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

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Study Notes

Lymphatic System

  • Consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs
  • Functions in homeostasis by absorbing excess interstitial fluid and fats from the digestive tract, transporting them to the bloodstream

Lymphatic Vessels

  • Form a one-way system that moves fluid from tissues to the cardiovascular system
  • Interstitial fluid is the primary component of lymph, mostly water, but also contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, cellular products (hormones, enzymes, cellular waste)

Lymphatic Organs

  • Divided into primary and secondary lymphatic organs

Primary Lymphatic Organs

  • Red bone marrow
    • Produces all types of blood cells
    • Location in children: most bones; in adults: sternum, vertebrae, pelvic girdle, humerus, ribs, and femur
    • Produces red blood cells and five types of white blood cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes (further divided into B cells and T cells)
  • Monocytes
    • B cells mature in the bone marrow; any B-cell that reacts to body cells is destroyed to prevent autoimmune disorders
  • Thymus
    • A soft-bodied, bilobed organ in the cavity between the trachea and sternum
    • Decreases in size as children grow into adulthood
    • Produces hormones (like thymosin) that aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

  • Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic vessels
  • Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity; macrophages engulf pathogens and debris here

Immunity

  • The ability of the body to kill or remove foreign substances (pathogens and cancer cells)
  • Innate immunity: non-specific immunity, includes physical and chemical barriers
  • Adaptive immunity: specific immunity, involves cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

Antibody Function

  • Many antibodies bind to antigens, covering them so they can't bind
  • Antibodies call on other white blood cells

Antibody Classes

  • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
    • Different classes perform different functions in the body, such as circulating in the blood, crossing the placenta, binding to pathogens, activating complements, enhancing phagocytosis, being found in saliva/breast milk, on the surface of immature B cells, or as antigen receptors on mast cells.

Cytotoxic T Cells

  • Specialized T lymphocytes
  • Contains storage vacuoles with perforins and granzymes (enzyme causing apoptosis)

Helper T Cells

  • Specialized T lymphocytes that regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
  • Function in activating B cells
  • Infection with HIV attacks T cells, leaving the person vulnerable to opportunistic infections

Active Immunity

  • Develops naturally after infection or artificially by exposure to an antigen

Passive Immunity

  • Occurs when an individual is given pre-formed antibodies

Immunization

  • Use of vaccines to expose the immune system to an antigen causing it to develop an immune response

Vaccines

  • Substances containing an antigen to which the immune system responds, traditionally using the pathogen or products that have been treated so that they are no longer virulent (able to cause the disease)
  • Modern vaccines can utilize genetic engineering to make bacteria produce a protein from the pathogen

Passive Immunity (Secondary)

  • Occurs when an individual receives pre-formed antibodies from another source, rather than creating them.
  • Temporary immunity compared to active immunity
  • Often used in cases where immediate protection is needed

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

  • An immune system disorder caused by HIV/AIDS reducing the number of helper T cells

Allergies

  • A hypersensitivity to a substance (allergen), characterized by a rapid response by the immune system.

Organ Rejection

  • When the immune system recognizes transplanted organs or tissues as foreign, mounting an immune response to reject them

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