Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?
What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?
How do vaccines typically induce an immune response in the body?
How do vaccines typically induce an immune response in the body?
Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?
What role do memory B and T lymphocytes play in vaccination?
What role do memory B and T lymphocytes play in vaccination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of opportunistic infections?
What is a key characteristic of opportunistic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
How does passive immunity typically manifest in infants?
How does passive immunity typically manifest in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of virus is responsible for causing AIDS?
What type of virus is responsible for causing AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?
Which of the following statements about vaccines is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary immune response involved in delayed allergic reactions?
What is the primary immune response involved in delayed allergic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common treatment for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
What is a common treatment for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
Signup and view all the answers
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), what type of antibodies do patients produce in excess that affects their health?
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), what type of antibodies do patients produce in excess that affects their health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by muscle weakness and can lead to respiratory failure?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by muscle weakness and can lead to respiratory failure?
Signup and view all the answers
What environmental factor is suggested to contribute to autoimmune diseases according to the Hygiene Hypothesis?
What environmental factor is suggested to contribute to autoimmune diseases according to the Hygiene Hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which response accurately describes organ rejection in transplantation?
Which response accurately describes organ rejection in transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes contact dermatitis?
What characterizes contact dermatitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases?
What is a significant risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do lymphatic capillaries play in homeostasis?
What role do lymphatic capillaries play in homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not classified as a primary lymphatic organ?
Which of the following is not classified as a primary lymphatic organ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen?
What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the body identify foreign substances?
How does the body identify foreign substances?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?
What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of cytokines released by helper T cells?
What is the role of cytokines released by helper T cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody type is primarily found in saliva and breast milk?
Which antibody type is primarily found in saliva and breast milk?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic do memory T cells provide to the immune system?
What characteristic do memory T cells provide to the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the complement system?
What is the function of the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of perforins released by cytotoxic T cells?
What is the role of perforins released by cytotoxic T cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which leukocyte type is the first to arrive at the site of infection?
Which leukocyte type is the first to arrive at the site of infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immunity occurs from the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?
What type of immunity occurs from the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of receptors do B lymphocytes possess?
What type of receptors do B lymphocytes possess?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Lymphatic System
- Consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs
- Functions in homeostasis by absorbing excess interstitial fluid and fats from the digestive tract, transporting them to the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
- Form a one-way system that moves fluid from tissues to the cardiovascular system
- Interstitial fluid is the primary component of lymph, mostly water, but also contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, cellular products (hormones, enzymes, cellular waste)
Lymphatic Organs
- Divided into primary and secondary lymphatic organs
Primary Lymphatic Organs
- Red bone marrow
- Produces all types of blood cells
- Location in children: most bones; in adults: sternum, vertebrae, pelvic girdle, humerus, ribs, and femur
- Produces red blood cells and five types of white blood cells
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes (further divided into B cells and T cells)
- Monocytes
- B cells mature in the bone marrow; any B-cell that reacts to body cells is destroyed to prevent autoimmune disorders
- Thymus
- A soft-bodied, bilobed organ in the cavity between the trachea and sternum
- Decreases in size as children grow into adulthood
- Produces hormones (like thymosin) that aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes
Secondary Lymphatic Organs
- Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic vessels
- Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity; macrophages engulf pathogens and debris here
Immunity
- The ability of the body to kill or remove foreign substances (pathogens and cancer cells)
- Innate immunity: non-specific immunity, includes physical and chemical barriers
- Adaptive immunity: specific immunity, involves cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
Antibody Function
- Many antibodies bind to antigens, covering them so they can't bind
- Antibodies call on other white blood cells
Antibody Classes
- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
- Different classes perform different functions in the body, such as circulating in the blood, crossing the placenta, binding to pathogens, activating complements, enhancing phagocytosis, being found in saliva/breast milk, on the surface of immature B cells, or as antigen receptors on mast cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells
- Specialized T lymphocytes
- Contains storage vacuoles with perforins and granzymes (enzyme causing apoptosis)
Helper T Cells
- Specialized T lymphocytes that regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
- Function in activating B cells
- Infection with HIV attacks T cells, leaving the person vulnerable to opportunistic infections
Active Immunity
- Develops naturally after infection or artificially by exposure to an antigen
Passive Immunity
- Occurs when an individual is given pre-formed antibodies
Immunization
- Use of vaccines to expose the immune system to an antigen causing it to develop an immune response
Vaccines
- Substances containing an antigen to which the immune system responds, traditionally using the pathogen or products that have been treated so that they are no longer virulent (able to cause the disease)
- Modern vaccines can utilize genetic engineering to make bacteria produce a protein from the pathogen
Passive Immunity (Secondary)
- Occurs when an individual receives pre-formed antibodies from another source, rather than creating them.
- Temporary immunity compared to active immunity
- Often used in cases where immediate protection is needed
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- An immune system disorder caused by HIV/AIDS reducing the number of helper T cells
Allergies
- A hypersensitivity to a substance (allergen), characterized by a rapid response by the immune system.
Organ Rejection
- When the immune system recognizes transplanted organs or tissues as foreign, mounting an immune response to reject them
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the essential functions and components of the lymphatic system, including its vessels and organs. This quiz covers the primary and secondary lymphatic organs, as well as the process of fluid movement and cellular production. Test your knowledge on this crucial aspect of human biology.
