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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of lymphatic capillaries?
What is the primary role of lymphatic capillaries?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the lymphatic system?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the lymphatic system?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphatic organ?
Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphatic organ?
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What do neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes have in common?
What do neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes have in common?
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What initiates a delayed allergic response?
What initiates a delayed allergic response?
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What is a common treatment for organ rejection?
What is a common treatment for organ rejection?
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Which disorder is indicated by inadequate immune responses and can be treated with a bone marrow transplant?
Which disorder is indicated by inadequate immune responses and can be treated with a bone marrow transplant?
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What may contribute to autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis?
What may contribute to autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis?
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Which autoimmune disease involves antibodies attacking muscle cells?
Which autoimmune disease involves antibodies attacking muscle cells?
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What major health issue can arise from antibodies reacting with heart muscle in rheumatic fever?
What major health issue can arise from antibodies reacting with heart muscle in rheumatic fever?
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What symptom is NOT commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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What is a common environmental factor contributing to autoimmunity?
What is a common environmental factor contributing to autoimmunity?
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What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the acute inflammatory response?
Which component is primarily responsible for the acute inflammatory response?
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What type of immunity is primarily activated when an individual is exposed to pathogens?
What type of immunity is primarily activated when an individual is exposed to pathogens?
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What is the main role of helper T cells in the immune response?
What is the main role of helper T cells in the immune response?
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How do cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells?
How do cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells?
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Which antibody is primarily responsible for the immediate allergic response?
Which antibody is primarily responsible for the immediate allergic response?
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What characterizes active immunity?
What characterizes active immunity?
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What is the function of memory T cells?
What is the function of memory T cells?
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What is the main effect of complement proteins in the immune system?
What is the main effect of complement proteins in the immune system?
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What type of cells do antibodies primarily target?
What type of cells do antibodies primarily target?
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Which statement about vaccines is accurate?
Which statement about vaccines is accurate?
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What condition is characterized by a significantly weakened immune response due to low helper T cell counts?
What condition is characterized by a significantly weakened immune response due to low helper T cell counts?
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Which antibody is primarily found in saliva and breast milk?
Which antibody is primarily found in saliva and breast milk?
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Study Notes
The Lymphatic and Immune System
- The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and organs, maintaining homeostasis and part of the immune system.
- Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid and fats from the digestive tract, transporting them to the bloodstream.
- Lymphoid organs defend the body against disease.
- Lymphatic vessels form a one-way system moving interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system.
- Interstitial fluid is mostly water, containing nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste.
- Lymphatic organs are primary and secondary.
- Primary lymphatic organs are red bone marrow and the thymus.
- Red bone marrow produces all blood cells; children have it in many bones, adults in specific bones (sternum, vertebrae, ribs, pelvic girdle, humerus, femur).
- Red bone marrow produces red blood cells and five white blood cell types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
- Lymphocytes are divided into B cells (maturing in bone marrow, reacting to body cells are destroyed) and T cells (maturing in thymus).
- The thymus is a soft, bilobed organ between the trachea and the sternum, decreasing in size with age.
Thymus Function
- Produces hormones (like thymosin) aiding T lymphocyte maturation.
- Only about 5% of T cells leave the thymus, proving they can attack pathogens without attacking body cells.
- Without mature T cells, the body can't respond to specific infections.
Secondary Lymphatic Organs
- Spleen filters blood, located in the upper left of the abdomen.
- Lymph nodes are along lymphatic vessels, containing lymph, lymphocytes, and macrophages that fight pathogens and cancer cells.
Innate (Non-Specific) Immunity
- Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, perspiration, saliva, tears (with lysozyme), stomach and vaginal acid, microbiome).
- Inflammatory response using neutrophils and macrophages to surround and kill pathogens (symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, pain).
Adaptive Immunity
- Immune system's ability to specifically kill or remove foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells.
- Primarily depends on B and T cells, each with a specific receptor for a particular antigen.
- Cell-mediated immunity (T cells) targeting cells with specific antigens.
- Antibody-mediated immunity (B cells) generating antibodies.
- Helper T cells activating cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells, which create antibodies.
Antibody Structure and Function
- Y-shaped with two antigen-binding sites.
- Antibodies bind to antigens, preventing harmful actions, or signaling other white blood cells.
- Antibody classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) have different roles and locations.
Complement System
- Blood plasma proteins enhancing immune response (can trigger mast cells releasing histamine, attract phagocytes, or directly bind to bacteria and cause them to burst).
- Interferons-proteins produced by infected cells preparing uninfected cells for viral infection.
- Antigen-foreign body, large protein structures recognized by the immune system.
Adaptive Immunity Pathways
- Cell-mediated pathway where T cells target and destroy cells with specific antigens.
- Antibody-mediated pathway (humoral) where B cells create antibodies.
- Helper T cells contact antigens and release cytokines, calling cytotoxic T cells to the area. Cytotoxic T cells may phagocytize cells or trigger apoptosis.
Active and Passive Immunity
- Active immunity- developing antibodies after infection or vaccination.
- Passive immunity- receiving pre-made antibodies (e.g., from mother to fetus, serum injection).
Immune System Disorders
- Organ rejection occurs when the immune system identifies transplanted organs as foreign.
- Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is characterized by inadequate or lacking antibody and cell mediated immune responses.
- Autoimmune diseases result from the immune system attacking the body's own tissues (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis).
- Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening, immediate allergic response.
- Allergies are hypersensitivity responses to harmless substances (allergens).
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Description
Explore the critical functions of the lymphatic and immune systems. This quiz covers lymphatic vessels, organs, and their roles in maintaining homeostasis and defending the body against disease. Understand the composition of interstitial fluid and the functions of primary and secondary lymphatic organs.
