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Questions and Answers
Which type of tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue?
Which type of tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue?
The pharyngeal tonsil is located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.
The pharyngeal tonsil is located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.
False
What are the rounded structures that vary in size and are located near lymphatic vessels called?
What are the rounded structures that vary in size and are located near lymphatic vessels called?
Lymph nodes
The ____ is characterized by a dense connective tissue capsule surrounding each lymph node.
The ____ is characterized by a dense connective tissue capsule surrounding each lymph node.
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What do germinal centers contain?
What do germinal centers contain?
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Match the following types of nodes with their locations:
Match the following types of nodes with their locations:
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Lymphatic nodules and lymph nodes are the same.
Lymphatic nodules and lymph nodes are the same.
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Which types of cells are primarily responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
Which types of cells are primarily responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
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Neutrophils are slower to respond compared to innate immunity.
Neutrophils are slower to respond compared to innate immunity.
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The lymphatic sinuses are spaces that contain ____ on a network of fibers.
The lymphatic sinuses are spaces that contain ____ on a network of fibers.
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What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
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Mast cells can release __________ to aid in the inflammatory response.
Mast cells can release __________ to aid in the inflammatory response.
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Which cells are known to present antigens and secrete interleukins?
Which cells are known to present antigens and secrete interleukins?
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Antibodies are produced by the body in response to self-antigens only.
Antibodies are produced by the body in response to self-antigens only.
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Natural Killer Cells recognize and destroy __________ cells.
Natural Killer Cells recognize and destroy __________ cells.
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Match the immune cells with their main functions:
Match the immune cells with their main functions:
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system related to fluid balance?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system related to fluid balance?
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Lymphatic capillaries help to prevent the backflow of lymph fluid due to their structural features.
Lymphatic capillaries help to prevent the backflow of lymph fluid due to their structural features.
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What is the name of the fluid that is absorbed from the digestive tract and appears white due to its lipid content?
What is the name of the fluid that is absorbed from the digestive tract and appears white due to its lipid content?
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The lymphatic system plays a role in ____ pathogens from the lymph.
The lymphatic system plays a role in ____ pathogens from the lymph.
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What condition can occur if excess fluid accumulates in tissues due to lymphatic system dysfunction?
What condition can occur if excess fluid accumulates in tissues due to lymphatic system dysfunction?
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Match the following lymphatic system functions with their descriptions:
Match the following lymphatic system functions with their descriptions:
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The lymphatic system does not play any role in immune response.
The lymphatic system does not play any role in immune response.
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What are lacteals?
What are lacteals?
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What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
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T cells mature in the red bone marrow.
T cells mature in the red bone marrow.
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Name the four types of T cells.
Name the four types of T cells.
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The major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC) is important because it ______.
The major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC) is important because it ______.
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Match the cell type to its primary function:
Match the cell type to its primary function:
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Which statement best describes cytokines?
Which statement best describes cytokines?
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Each antigen receptor on lymphocytes can bind to any antigen.
Each antigen receptor on lymphocytes can bind to any antigen.
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What happens when antigen receptors on lymphocytes bind to their specific antigen?
What happens when antigen receptors on lymphocytes bind to their specific antigen?
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What type of immunity results from an individual's own immune response to an antigen?
What type of immunity results from an individual's own immune response to an antigen?
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Artificial immunity cannot be acquired through natural exposure.
Artificial immunity cannot be acquired through natural exposure.
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What is an example of Active Natural Immunity?
What is an example of Active Natural Immunity?
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Passive immunity is transferred from another person or an animal, while _____ immunity is generated by the individual's own immune system.
Passive immunity is transferred from another person or an animal, while _____ immunity is generated by the individual's own immune system.
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Match the types of immunity with their descriptions.
Match the types of immunity with their descriptions.
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What describes Active Artificial Immunity?
What describes Active Artificial Immunity?
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Natural exposure involves deliberate contact with an antigen.
Natural exposure involves deliberate contact with an antigen.
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What are two methods of acquiring adaptive immunity?
What are two methods of acquiring adaptive immunity?
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System Functions
- The lymphatic system is a vital component of the body's defense mechanisms, contributing to fluid balance, lipid absorption, and immune function.
- Approximately 30 liters of fluid move from blood capillaries into interstitial spaces daily, with 27 liters returning to the blood, leaving 3 liters entering the lymphatic capillaries, which is crucial for maintaining fluid balance.
- If fluid is not absorbed from the interstitial spaces, edema may occur, leading to tissue damage.
- The lymphatic system plays a key role in lipid (fat) absorption from the digestive tract, facilitated by special lymphatic vessels called lacteals located in the small intestines.
- After absorption, the lipid-rich lymph, called chyle, travels through lymphatic vessels into the venous circulation.
Lymph Formation and Movement
- Lymph is formed as fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissues and subsequently into lymphatic capillaries.
- The unique structure of lymphatic capillaries, with overlapping epithelial cells, allows fluid to easily enter while preventing its return to tissues.
- Valves within lymphatic vessels ensure one-way flow of lymph, preventing backflow.
- Compression of lymphatic vessels is essential for lymph movement, which can occur due to the pressure created by:
- Tonsils
- Lymph Nodes
- Spleen
- Thymus
Lymphatic Tissue Components
- Lymphatic tissue is characterized by its abundance of lymphocytes and other immune cells, such as macrophages, which contribute to immune defense.
- Lymphatic tissue is organized into various structures:
-
Tonsils:
- Three types:
- Palatine tonsils (located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity)
- Pharyngeal tonsils (located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity. An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil is called an adenoid, which can obstruct breathing.)
- Lingual tonsils (located on the posterior surface of the tongue)
- Three types:
-
Lymph Nodes:
- Rounded structures varying in size.
- Located near lymphatic vessels where they filter lymph before it enters the bloodstream.
- Lymphatic tissue in lymph nodes is arranged into compartments with lymphatic sinuses and lymphatic nodules.
- Lymphatic sinuses contain macrophages on a network of fibers.
- Germinal centers are lymphatic nodules containing rapidly dividing lymphocytes.
-
Tonsils:
Immune Response Cells
- Neutrophils: First responders to infection but have a short lifespan.
- Eosinophils: Release chemicals to reduce inflammation.
- Basophils: Leave the bloodstream and enter infected tissues, releasing histamine.
- Macrophages: Originate from monocytes, leave the bloodstream and enter tissues, acting as antigen-presenting cells and releasing interleukins to activate T helper cells. Examples include Kupffer cells in the liver, Langerhans cells in the skin, and osteoclasts in the bones.
- Mast cells: Release leukotrienes, contributing to inflammation.
- Natural Killer cells (NK cells): Recognize and destroy tumor cells or virus-infected cells through the release of lytic chemicals.
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
-
Innate Immunity: Non-specific defense mechanisms that are the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
- Immediate
- No memory
- Includes physical barriers, chemical defenses, and phagocytic cells.
-
Adaptive Immunity: Specific immune defenses that target particular antigens.
- Develops slower but has memory.
- Involves lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
- Two types: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
Adaptive Immunity: Key Terms
- Antigen: A substance that stimulates an immune response. Examples include bacteria, viruses, pollen, food, and drugs.
- Self-antigen: Molecules produced by the body that stimulate an immune response.
- Antibody: Proteins produced by the body in response to an antigen.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.
- B cell receptors on the surface of B cells bind specifically to antigens, triggering their activation.
- Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- Antibodies neutralize pathogens through various mechanisms, such as binding to antigens and preventing them from attaching to cells.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
- T cells are the primary mediators of cell-mediated immunity.
- T cell receptors on T cells recognize antigen-MHC complexes, a process involving the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule.
- Different types of T cells play specific roles in immune responses:
- T-Helper cells (CD4+): Activate B cells and enhance immune responses.
- T-Cytotoxic cells (CD8+): Destroy antigen-bearing cells upon contact.
- T-Regulatory cells: Suppress immune responses following the elimination of an antigen.
- Natural Killer cells (NK cells): Destroy infected or cancerous cells.
Cytokines
- Cytokines are proteins released by cells that influence neighboring cells.
- They play a critical role in regulating communication and coordination within the immune system, ensuring an effective response to infection.
Adaptive Immunity Acquisition
-
Active immunity: Develops when an individual's own immune system responds to an antigen, either naturally or artificially.
- Active natural immunity: Occurs through natural exposure to an antigen, such as during an infection.
- Active artificial immunity: Achieved through deliberate introduction of an antigen through vaccination.
-
Passive immunity: Occurs when antibodies are transferred from another person or animal to a non-immune individual.
- Passive natural immunity: Antibodies are transferred from mother to child through breast milk or across the placenta.
- Passive artificial immunity: Antibodies are administered through injections, such as in the case of antitoxin therapy.
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Description
Explore the vital functions of the lymphatic system, including its roles in fluid balance, lipid absorption, and immune defense. This quiz covers how lymph is formed and its movement through the body, highlighting its importance in maintaining health.
