Lymphatic System Flashcards - Chapter 21
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Questions and Answers

Lymphatic vessels recover about______ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 15% (correct)
  • 85%
  • 5%

    • Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in _____

  • carbon dioxide
  • sodium and potassium
  • metabolic
  • protein (correct)
  • electrolytes

    • Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary _____ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

  • vitamins
  • lipids (correct)
  • amino acids
  • water
  • glucose

    • The _______ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

    <p>palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All these forces help lymph to flow except _____

    <p>the lymphatic node pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______.

    <p>lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune surveillance is a process in which _____ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

    <p>natural killer (NK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

    <p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.

    <p>lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Removal of the ______ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.

    <p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All these belong to the second line of defense except _____

    <p>the gastric juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are found especially in the mucous membrane standing guard against parasites and allergens.

    <p>eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ employ a 'respiratory burst' to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HCLO).

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except _____

    <p>endogenous pyrexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

    <p>interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pyrogen is a substance that causes _____

    <p>fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.

    <p>margination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

    <p>impaired use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ______.

    <p>heparin; histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except _____

    <p>cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.

    <p>granzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _____ in a process called ______.

    <p>neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are antimicrobial proteins.

    <p>interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that _____

    <p>immunity is directed against a particular pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination stimulates _____

    <p>artificial active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _____

    <p>cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

    <p>epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T cells achieve immunocompetence in _____

    <p>the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means _____

    <p>they multiply and form clones of identical T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _____

    <p>artificial passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in _____

    <p>the lymphatic tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except _____

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) _____

    <p>major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in _____

    <p>lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helper T (TH) cells do not _____

    <p>secrete fever-producing chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

    <p>Helper T (TH) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both _____

    <p>secrete granzymes and perforin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory T cells can live up to _____

    <p>decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies do not _____

    <p>differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

    <p>antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into _____

    <p>plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly _____

    <p>helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most common allergies are the result of _____

    <p>type I (acute) hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) _____

    <p>type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cells count lower than ____________ has AIDS.

    <p>200 cells/μL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

    <p>self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lymphatic System and Immune Response

    • Lymphatic vessels recover approximately 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
    • Lymph, similar to blood plasma, is notably low in protein.
    • Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels that absorb dietary lipids not taken up by blood capillaries.
    • Palatine tonsils are the largest tonsils; tonsillectomy was commonly performed in children.
    • Lymph flow is aided by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels, the thoracic pump, skeletal muscle pump, and arterial pulsations, but not by the lymphatic node pump.
    • Collecting ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels, draining into the subclavian veins.

    Immune Cells and Functions

    • Natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for immune surveillance, detecting and destroying foreign and diseased cells.
    • The thymus undergoes significant degeneration with age and is crucial for T cell development.
    • Lymph nodes are the only lymphatic organs with afferent lymphatic vessels.
    • Removal of the thymus could be highly detrimental to young children.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • The second line of defense in the immune system includes macrophages, natural killer cells, inflammation, and the interferon/complement system, but gastric juices are not part of this line.
    • Eosinophils are particularly associated with the defense against parasites and allergens.
    • Neutrophils utilize a "respiratory burst" to create bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide.

    Inflammation and Cardinal Signs

    • Complement fixation enhances inflammation, opsonization, bacterial phagocytosis, and cytolysis, but does not cause endogenous pyrexia (fever).
    • Pyrogens are substances that induce fever in the body.
    • The initial behavior of neutrophils during inflammation is margination, while redness is not considered a cardinal sign of inflammation.
    • Basophils aid in inflammatory responses by releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator).

    Antigen Presentation and Immunity

    • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, but not T cells.
    • Helper T (TH) cells identify antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, facilitating immune responses.
    • Vaccination triggers artificial active immunity, while serum treatments for snakebites confer artificial passive immunity.
    • Memory T cells can persist for decades, enhancing future immune responses.

    Antibodies and Immunoglobulins

    • Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has two antigen-binding sites; IgG constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies.
    • IgA provides passive immunity to newborns, while plasma cells are derived from B cells before antibody secretion.
    • Antibodies function to neutralize pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis, without differentiating into memory antibodies upon re-exposure.

    Common Immune Disorders

    • Most allergies stem from type I (acute) hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity includes conditions like type 1 diabetes where the immune system targets the body's own cells.
    • An individual becomes classified as having AIDS when helper T cell counts drop below 200 cells/μL, indicating severe immune system compromise.
    • Autoimmune diseases arise from the immune system's failure to recognize self-antigens.

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    Test your knowledge on the lymphatic system with these flashcards from Chapter 21. Each card presents questions related to the functions and components of the lymphatic system. Perfect for quick review before exams!

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