Lymphatic System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Lymphatic vessels recover about______ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

25%

50%

15% (correct)

85%

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in _____

carbon dioxide

sodium and potassium

metabolic

protein (correct)

electrolytes

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary _____ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

vitamins

lipids (correct)

amino acids

water

glucose

The _______ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

palatine Signup and view all the answers

All these forces help lymph to flow except _____

the lymphatic node pump Signup and view all the answers

are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _.

lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins Signup and view all the answers

Immune surveillance is a process in which _____ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

natural killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

thymus Signup and view all the answers

This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.

lymph node Signup and view all the answers

Removal of the ______ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.

thymus Signup and view all the answers

All these belong to the second line of defense except _____

the gastric juices Signup and view all the answers

________ are found especially in the mucous membrane standing guard against parasites and allergens.

eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

______ employ a 'respiratory burst' to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HCLO).

neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except _____

endogenous pyrexia Signup and view all the answers

_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

interferons Signup and view all the answers

A pyrogen is a substance that causes _____

fever Signup and view all the answers

This is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.

margination Signup and view all the answers

_______ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

impaired use Signup and view all the answers

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _ and a vasodilator called __.

heparin; histamine Signup and view all the answers

All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except _____

cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.

granzymes Signup and view all the answers

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _ in a process called __.

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization Signup and view all the answers

_______ are antimicrobial proteins.

interferons Signup and view all the answers

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that _____

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination stimulates _____

artificial active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _____

cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope Signup and view all the answers

T cells achieve immunocompetence in _____

the thymus Signup and view all the answers

T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means _____

they multiply and form clones of identical T cells Signup and view all the answers

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _____

artificial passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in _____

the lymphatic tissues Signup and view all the answers

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except _____

T cells Signup and view all the answers

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) _____

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein Signup and view all the answers

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in _____

lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Helper T (TH) cells do not _____

secrete fever-producing chemicals Signup and view all the answers

_____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

Helper T (TH) cells Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both _____

secrete granzymes and perforin Signup and view all the answers

Memory T cells can live up to _____

decades Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies do not _____

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack Signup and view all the answers

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Signup and view all the answers

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

two Signup and view all the answers

_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

IgG Signup and view all the answers

This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

IgA Signup and view all the answers

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into _____

plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly _____

helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

Most common allergies are the result of _____

type I (acute) hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) _____

type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cells count lower than ____________ has AIDS.

200 cells/μL Signup and view all the answers

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lymphatic System and Immune Response

Lymphatic vessels recover approximately 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
Lymph, similar to blood plasma, is notably low in protein.
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels that absorb dietary lipids not taken up by blood capillaries.
Palatine tonsils are the largest tonsils; tonsillectomy was commonly performed in children.
Lymph flow is aided by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels, the thoracic pump, skeletal muscle pump, and arterial pulsations, but not by the lymphatic node pump.
Collecting ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels, draining into the subclavian veins.

Immune Cells and Functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for immune surveillance, detecting and destroying foreign and diseased cells.
The thymus undergoes significant degeneration with age and is crucial for T cell development.
Lymph nodes are the only lymphatic organs with afferent lymphatic vessels.
Removal of the thymus could be highly detrimental to young children.

Defense Mechanisms

The second line of defense in the immune system includes macrophages, natural killer cells, inflammation, and the interferon/complement system, but gastric juices are not part of this line.
Eosinophils are particularly associated with the defense against parasites and allergens.
Neutrophils utilize a "respiratory burst" to create bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide.

Inflammation and Cardinal Signs

Complement fixation enhances inflammation, opsonization, bacterial phagocytosis, and cytolysis, but does not cause endogenous pyrexia (fever).
Pyrogens are substances that induce fever in the body.
The initial behavior of neutrophils during inflammation is margination, while redness is not considered a cardinal sign of inflammation.
Basophils aid in inflammatory responses by releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator).

Antigen Presentation and Immunity

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, but not T cells.
Helper T (TH) cells identify antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, facilitating immune responses.
Vaccination triggers artificial active immunity, while serum treatments for snakebites confer artificial passive immunity.
Memory T cells can persist for decades, enhancing future immune responses.

Antibodies and Immunoglobulins

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has two antigen-binding sites; IgG constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies.
IgA provides passive immunity to newborns, while plasma cells are derived from B cells before antibody secretion.
Antibodies function to neutralize pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis, without differentiating into memory antibodies upon re-exposure.

Common Immune Disorders

Most allergies stem from type I (acute) hypersensitivity reactions.
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity includes conditions like type 1 diabetes where the immune system targets the body's own cells.
An individual becomes classified as having AIDS when helper T cell counts drop below 200 cells/μL, indicating severe immune system compromise.
Autoimmune diseases arise from the immune system's failure to recognize self-antigens.

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Test your knowledge on the lymphatic system with these flashcards from Chapter 21. Each card presents questions related to the functions and components of the lymphatic system. Perfect for quick review before exams!

Lymphatic System Flashcards - Chapter 21