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Questions and Answers
Lymphatic vessels recover about______ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
Lymphatic vessels recover about______ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
- 25%
- 50%
- 15% (correct)
- 85%
- 5%
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in _____
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in _____
- carbon dioxide
- sodium and potassium
- metabolic
- protein (correct)
- electrolytes
Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary _____ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary _____ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
- vitamins
- lipids (correct)
- amino acids
- water
- glucose
The _______ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.
The _______ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.
All these forces help lymph to flow except _____
All these forces help lymph to flow except _____
______ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______.
______ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______.
Immune surveillance is a process in which _____ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.
Immune surveillance is a process in which _____ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.
This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.
This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.
Removal of the ______ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.
Removal of the ______ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.
All these belong to the second line of defense except _____
All these belong to the second line of defense except _____
________ are found especially in the mucous membrane standing guard against parasites and allergens.
________ are found especially in the mucous membrane standing guard against parasites and allergens.
______ employ a 'respiratory burst' to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HCLO).
______ employ a 'respiratory burst' to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HCLO).
Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except _____
Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except _____
_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
A pyrogen is a substance that causes _____
A pyrogen is a substance that causes _____
This is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.
This is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.
_______ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
_______ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ______.
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ______.
All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except _____
All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except _____
These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.
These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _____ in a process called ______.
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _____ in a process called ______.
_______ are antimicrobial proteins.
_______ are antimicrobial proteins.
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that _____
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that _____
Vaccination stimulates _____
Vaccination stimulates _____
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _____
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _____
A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
T cells achieve immunocompetence in _____
T cells achieve immunocompetence in _____
T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means _____
T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means _____
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _____
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _____
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in _____
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in _____
All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except _____
All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except _____
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) _____
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) _____
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in _____
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in _____
Helper T (TH) cells do not _____
Helper T (TH) cells do not _____
_____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.
_____________________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both _____
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both _____
Memory T cells can live up to _____
Memory T cells can live up to _____
Antibodies do not _____
Antibodies do not _____
This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.
This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).
_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.
_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.
This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.
This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.
Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into _____
Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into _____
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly _____
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly _____
Most common allergies are the result of _____
Most common allergies are the result of _____
Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) _____
Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) _____
A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cells count lower than ____________ has AIDS.
A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cells count lower than ____________ has AIDS.
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System and Immune Response
- Lymphatic vessels recover approximately 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
- Lymph, similar to blood plasma, is notably low in protein.
- Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels that absorb dietary lipids not taken up by blood capillaries.
- Palatine tonsils are the largest tonsils; tonsillectomy was commonly performed in children.
- Lymph flow is aided by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels, the thoracic pump, skeletal muscle pump, and arterial pulsations, but not by the lymphatic node pump.
- Collecting ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels, draining into the subclavian veins.
Immune Cells and Functions
- Natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for immune surveillance, detecting and destroying foreign and diseased cells.
- The thymus undergoes significant degeneration with age and is crucial for T cell development.
- Lymph nodes are the only lymphatic organs with afferent lymphatic vessels.
- Removal of the thymus could be highly detrimental to young children.
Defense Mechanisms
- The second line of defense in the immune system includes macrophages, natural killer cells, inflammation, and the interferon/complement system, but gastric juices are not part of this line.
- Eosinophils are particularly associated with the defense against parasites and allergens.
- Neutrophils utilize a "respiratory burst" to create bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide.
Inflammation and Cardinal Signs
- Complement fixation enhances inflammation, opsonization, bacterial phagocytosis, and cytolysis, but does not cause endogenous pyrexia (fever).
- Pyrogens are substances that induce fever in the body.
- The initial behavior of neutrophils during inflammation is margination, while redness is not considered a cardinal sign of inflammation.
- Basophils aid in inflammatory responses by releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator).
Antigen Presentation and Immunity
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, but not T cells.
- Helper T (TH) cells identify antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, facilitating immune responses.
- Vaccination triggers artificial active immunity, while serum treatments for snakebites confer artificial passive immunity.
- Memory T cells can persist for decades, enhancing future immune responses.
Antibodies and Immunoglobulins
- Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has two antigen-binding sites; IgG constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies.
- IgA provides passive immunity to newborns, while plasma cells are derived from B cells before antibody secretion.
- Antibodies function to neutralize pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis, without differentiating into memory antibodies upon re-exposure.
Common Immune Disorders
- Most allergies stem from type I (acute) hypersensitivity reactions.
- Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity includes conditions like type 1 diabetes where the immune system targets the body's own cells.
- An individual becomes classified as having AIDS when helper T cell counts drop below 200 cells/μL, indicating severe immune system compromise.
- Autoimmune diseases arise from the immune system's failure to recognize self-antigens.
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