42 Questions
What is the medical term that encompasses common allergies?
Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity is caused by IgE binding to mast cells and causing degranulation?
Type 1
What is the purpose of epinephrine injectors in cases of anaphylactic shock?
To inhibit an anaphylactic response
Which type of hypersensitivity is the body's response to a blood transfusion of the wrong type?
Type 2
In which type of hypersensitivity do antigen and antibody accumulate and travel through the bloodstream, eventually getting caught up in organs?
Type 3
What is the difference between the first and second exposure in Type 4 hypersensitivity?
The first exposure is called sensitization, and the second exposure releases cytokines to bring many macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
All of the above
Which type of lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland?
T cells
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
To destroy cells infected with bacteria and viruses
What is the main role of macrophages in the immune system?
To phagocytose and destroy pathogens
What is the function of the spleen in the immune system?
To filter debris and pathogens from the blood
What is the primary function of the skin as a barrier in the immune system?
To provide a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
To present antigens to T cells
What is the function of chemokines in the immune system?
To attract immune cells to the site of infection
What is the primary function of interferon in the immune system?
To induce an early immune response against pathogens
What is the function of the lymph nodes in the immune system?
To filter debris and pathogens from the lymph fluid
What is the purpose of opsonization in the immune response?
To kill pathogens
What is a characteristic of inflammation?
Swelling
What is the purpose of vasodilation in the inflammatory response?
To increase blood flow and allow easier access to tissues
What is the role of T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules
What happens during clonal expansion in the immune response?
Rapid mitosis of T cells
Which cells release cytokines to draw macrophages to the antigen?
Th1 cells
What occurs during antigen processing in the immune response?
Antigens bind to antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells
'Immunological memory' refers to what concept in immune responses?
'Infections early in life protect later in life'
'Primary adaptive response' refers to what event?
'First exposure to a pathogen'
What is the role of Th2 cells in the immune response?
Release cytokines to draw B cells to the antigen
What is the function of the lymphatic system in the body?
Carries excess fluid to the blood stream and removes pathogens
How do lymphatic capillaries function?
They have no valves, relying on muscle contractions and breathing for lymph movement
What happens if the lymphatic system gets blocked?
A lymphedema can develop, which is a serious condition
How many phases can the immune system be organized into?
3 phases: barrier, innate, and adaptive
What differentiates barrier defenses from the innate immune response?
Barrier defenses are quick but nonspecific, like the skin and mucus membranes
What is the main method of lymph movement within the body?
Muscle contractions and breathing
What is the main function of regulatory T cells?
To suppress other T cells and the immune response
What is the process called when a naïve B cell attaches to a 'self' antigen and is signaled for destruction?
Peripheral tolerance
Which of the following antibody types is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?
IgE
What is the name of the process where the antibody type produced by a B cell changes from one type to another?
Class switching
Which type of immunity involves the transfer of antibodies, as seen in a fetus or during a blood transfusion?
Passive immunity
What is the term used to describe the coating of a pathogen with antibodies, preventing it from binding to receptors?
Neutralization
Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for killing viruses inside the body?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the term used to describe the reciprocal relationship between virus and antibody levels in the blood?
Seroconversion
Which of the following is a mechanism by which pathogens can evade the immune system?
All of the above
What is the name of the severe immunodeficiency disease that affects both the T and B cell arms of the immune system?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)
Explore the role of the lymphatic system in carrying excess fluid, removing pathogens from the blood stream, and aiding in immune responses. Learn about the potential consequences of a blocked lymphatic system and the importance of lymph nodes in immune function.
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