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Questions and Answers
How does the lymphatic system prevent fluid accumulation in tissue spaces, and what happens when this system is impaired, leading to edema?
How does the lymphatic system prevent fluid accumulation in tissue spaces, and what happens when this system is impaired, leading to edema?
The lymphatic system returns excess fluid and proteins back to the bloodstream. Impairment leads to fluid buildup in tissues, causing edema.
Compare and contrast the roles of neutrophils and macrophages as the two most active phagocytes in the blood.
Compare and contrast the roles of neutrophils and macrophages as the two most active phagocytes in the blood.
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and target bacteria. Macrophages arrive later and clear debris, pathogens and dead cells.
Explain how immunosuppressive drugs prevent organ rejection after a transplant, and why is this necessary?
Explain how immunosuppressive drugs prevent organ rejection after a transplant, and why is this necessary?
Immunosuppressants suppress the recipient's immune system to prevent it from attacking the transplanted organ, recognizing it as foreign.
Describe the role of bile in digestion, differentiating between the functions of bile salts and the overall composition of bile.
Describe the role of bile in digestion, differentiating between the functions of bile salts and the overall composition of bile.
Explain how amylase helps in digestion, and identify in which parts of the alimentary canal amylase is active.
Explain how amylase helps in digestion, and identify in which parts of the alimentary canal amylase is active.
What are the key differences between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in terms of composition, function, and health implications?
What are the key differences between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in terms of composition, function, and health implications?
Describe the roles of macronutrients and micronutrients, providing examples of each and explaining why both are essential for human health.
Describe the roles of macronutrients and micronutrients, providing examples of each and explaining why both are essential for human health.
Explain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Body Mass Index (BMI), including what factors affect these measurements and what they indicate about a person's health.
Explain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Body Mass Index (BMI), including what factors affect these measurements and what they indicate about a person's health.
Identify a water-soluble and a a fat-soluble vitamin, and explain how cooking methods might affect their availability and content in foods.
Identify a water-soluble and a a fat-soluble vitamin, and explain how cooking methods might affect their availability and content in foods.
Describe the key characteristics that differentiate anorexia nervosa from malnutrition, especially in terms of underlying causes and physiological effects.
Describe the key characteristics that differentiate anorexia nervosa from malnutrition, especially in terms of underlying causes and physiological effects.
Flashcards
Fluid accumulation prevention
Fluid accumulation prevention
Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by the lymphatic system, which drains excess fluid and proteins from tissues back into the bloodstream.
What is edema?
What is edema?
Edema is the swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues.
Location of lymph nodes
Location of lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are found throughout the body, particularly in the neck, axillae (armpits), groin, and abdomen.
Immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppressive drugs
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Most common immunoglobulin
Most common immunoglobulin
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What is bile?
What is bile?
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HDL vs. LDL
HDL vs. LDL
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What are triglycerides?
What are triglycerides?
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BMR vs. BMI
BMR vs. BMI
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Malnutrition
Malnutrition
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Study Notes
- Fluid accumulation in tissue spaces is prevented by the lymphatic system, which collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.
- Lymphatic pathways are arranged throughout the body, often parallel to blood vessels, and are similar to veins in structure.
- Edema is the swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the body's tissues.
- Lymph nodes are located throughout the body, including the cervical, axillary, inguinal, and abdominal regions.
- Lymph nodes contain white blood cells (WBCs), such as lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and macrophages.
- The two major types of immune defenses are innate immunity (non-specific) and adaptive immunity (specific).
- The two most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and macrophages.
- Interleukin-1 is a cytokine that induces fever as part of the innate immune response.
- Immunosuppressive drugs are given to organ transplant recipients to prevent rejection of the donor organ by suppressing the immune system.
- The most common type of immunoglobulin is IgG.
- The alimentary canal consists of organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, each performing specific digestive functions.
- Salivary amylase is an enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates.
- The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, with the parotid glands being the largest.
- The digestive system involves various organs with specific functions, secreting enzymes and hormones like pancreatic lipase, and containing specialized cells such as goblet cells and chief cells.
- The stomach consists of parts such as the fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus.
- Bile is a fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, composed of bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol, aiding in fat digestion and absorption. Bile salts emulsify fats.
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) transports cholesterol from the body's tissues to the liver, while LDL (low-density lipoprotein) transports cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues.
- Feces are composed of undigested food, bacteria, and waste products.
- Macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) provide energy and building blocks, while micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are essential for various physiological processes.
- Triglycerides are fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acids, serving as a major form of energy storage.
- Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and acts as dietary fiber.
- BMR (basal metabolic rate) is the minimum amount of energy needed to sustain life at rest, while BMI (body mass index) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
- Water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) are generally not stored in the body and excess is excreted, while fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body. Vitamin C is destroyed by cooking.
- Trace elements are minerals required in small amounts, such as iron, zinc, and copper.
- Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and Kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition).
- Malnutrition is a condition resulting from deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in nutrient intake.
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