Lymphatic & Immune System Defense
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is strategically positioned to defend against bacteria that have escaped from the large intestine?

  • Axillary lymph nodes
  • Inguinal lymph nodes
  • Peyer's patches (correct)
  • Cervical lymph nodes

What primary role does the red pulp of the spleen perform in maintaining homeostasis?

  • Activating B cells to produce specific antibodies
  • Producing new erythrocytes to combat anemia
  • Filtering pathogens directly from the lymph
  • Destroying old or damaged erythrocytes (correct)

If a pathogen is detected in the lymph, through which vessel does the lymph enter the lymph node for processing?

  • Afferent lymphatic vessel (correct)
  • Efferent lymphatic vessel
  • Medullary cord
  • Central vein

Which component of the lymph node is responsible for trapping pathogens within a net-like structure?

<p>Reticular network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the white pulp found within the spleen?

<p>Filtering pathogens from the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what region of the lymph node are T cells predominantly found?

<p>The zone between cortex and medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of mesenteric lymph nodes?

<p>Filtering lymph from the abdominal cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the appendix in relation to the large intestine?

<p>Protecting the body from pathogenic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the functional relationship between the lymphatic and immune systems?

<p>The immune system relies on the lymphatic system for structural support and pathogen trapping, enabling activation of immune cells within lymphoid organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphoid tissues contribute to the activation of the immune system?

<p>By housing dendritic cells that activate B and T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plays a crucial role in enabling leukocytes to interact more easily with trapped pathogens?

<p>Fine networks of reticular fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of innate immunity, what distinguishes phagocytic cells from nonphagocytic cells?

<p>Phagocytic cells engulf and destroy pathogens, while nonphagocytic cells use other mechanisms to combat threats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rapid response of innate immunity counteract pathogens that bypass the body's surface barriers?

<p>By employing antimicrobial molecules and various types of cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural Killer (NK) cells are crucial in innate immunity due to their ability to:

<p>Recognize and target cancerous or virus-infected cells despite lacking specific antigen recognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of basophils within the innate immune system?

<p>Releasing inflammatory mediators to promote inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complement system plays a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are complement proteins typically activated?

<p>Via a cascade of enzymatic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of C3 cleavage in the complement cascade?

<p>It represents the convergence point of different complement activation pathways, leading to the formation of C3b. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike regular basophils, where are mast cells primarily located, and what is their role in the immune response?

<p>In mucous membranes, triggering inflammation, particularly during allergic reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity provides an immediate, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity is slower and antigen-specific. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dendritic cells contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>By participating in the innate immune response and activating T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies play in the immune system?

<p>They are proteins produced by B lymphocytes that target specific antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options correctly describes the function of the complement system?

<p>It is a component of innate immunity that enhances phagocytosis and inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cytokines function in the immune response?

<p>They are proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate immune responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a pathogen breaches the body's initial defenses, which immune response is activated first?

<p>Innate immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

<p>They directly attack and kill infected or cancerous cells as part of innate immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does adaptive immunity take longer to activate compared to innate immunity?

<p>Adaptive immunity requires recognition of a specific antigen and proliferation of specific lymphocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphedema results in the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues. What is the primary reason for this accumulation?

<p>Blockage or removal of lymphatic vessels, preventing fluid transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who had their lymph nodes surgically removed following a cancer diagnosis is now experiencing lymphedema. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the surgery and the development of lymphedema?

<p>The removal of lymph nodes impaired the lymphatic system's ability to drain fluid from tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes are all leukocytes found in lymphoid organs. What primary function do these leukocytes share?

<p>Immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reticular cells are abundant in lymphoid organs and produce reticular fibers. What is the main purpose of these fibers?

<p>To provide structural support within the lymphoid organ. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MALT protects mucous membranes from pathogens. How does MALT accomplish this function, considering its structure?

<p>By housing clusters of B and T cells that can initiate immune responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the strategic placement of Peyer’s patches in the ileum (the last portion of the small intestine) important for immune function?

<p>The ileum contains a high concentration of gut bacteria, necessitating immune monitoring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient complains of a persistent sore throat and examination reveals inflammation of the tonsils located in the posterolateral oral cavity. Which specific tonsils are likely affected?

<p>Palatine tonsils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a surgery in the nasal cavity, a patient experiences difficulty with their immune response in the nasopharynx region. Which tonsil may have been inadvertently affected during the procedure?

<p>Pharyngeal tonsil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary protective function of pain during the inflammatory response?

<p>Initiating the release of inflammatory mediators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inflammatory mediators facilitate the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of tissue damage?

<p>By attracting leukocytes through chemotaxis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of local macrophages as 'first responders' during the inflammatory response?

<p>Phagocytizing pathogens and damaged cells to contain the infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of margination in the context of neutrophil migration during an inflammatory response?

<p>The adhesion of neutrophils to the capillary wall in the damaged area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inflammatory mediators contribute to diapedesis?

<p>By increasing capillary permeability, which creates space for neutrophils to pass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the rapid rise in the level of circulating neutrophils during the phagocyte response?

<p>Release of stored neutrophils from the bone marrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the sequence of events in the inflammatory response, which of the following occurs first after tissue damage?

<p>Activation of local macrophages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined effect of inflammatory mediators and activated complement proteins on neutrophils during the inflammatory response?

<p>They attract neutrophils to the damaged tissue and facilitate their entry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome directly results from the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

<p>Lysis of pathogen plasma membranes through pore formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complement protein C3b enhances phagocytosis. What is this function known as?

<p>Opsonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does C3b assist in the clearance of immune complexes in the body?

<p>By binding to immune complexes and triggering their phagocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms describes how complement proteins neutralize viruses?

<p>By preventing the virus from entering host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do complement proteins contribute to the inflammatory response?

<p>They activate basophils and mast cells to release inflammatory mediators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) enhance the immune response during an infection?

<p>By attracting phagocytes to the site of infection and increasing their activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which interferons combat viral infections?

<p>Inhibiting viral replication within infected host cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do interleukins play in the broader context of immune function?

<p>Stimulating the production of neutrophils, NK cells, triggering interferon production, and activating T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do many cytokines, such as TNF, induce 'flu-like' symptoms?

<p>Because they stimulate inflammation, leading to fever, chills, and aches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first critical step that initiates the inflammatory response when tissue is damaged?

<p>The release of inflammatory mediators from damaged cells causing local changes in the tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which inflammatory mediators contribute to the sensation of heat associated with inflammation?

<p>Vasodilation, increasing blood flow and bringing warmer blood to the surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased capillary permeability contribute to swelling (edema) during an inflammatory response?

<p>It facilitates the leakage of protein-rich fluid from the blood vessels into tissue spaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do activated complement proteins play in initiating and amplifying the inflammatory response?

<p>They trigger the release of inflammatory mediators from cells like basophils and mast cells and act as inflammatory mediators themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following tissue damage, which sequence of events best describes the initiation of the inflammatory response?

<p>Release of inflammatory mediators → Vasodilation → Increased capillary permeability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of fibrinogen in the fluid that leaks from capillaries during inflammation?

<p>It acts as a precursor to fibrin, which aids in clot formation and tissue repair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the skin contribute to its function as a surface barrier?

<p>The multiple layers of epithelial cells filled with keratin provide resistance to mechanical stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the acidic pH of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands important for immune defense?

<p>It inhibits the growth of most pathogenic organisms, preventing them from colonizing the skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mucous membranes from the skin in terms of their resistance to mechanical abrasion?

<p>Mucous membranes lack keratin and are therefore less resistant to mechanical abrasion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does mucus contribute to the function of mucous membranes as a surface barrier?

<p>It traps pathogens and other debris, preventing them from reaching underlying cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stomach's acidic environment contribute to immune defense?

<p>It kills ingested pathogens, preventing them from causing infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the thymus contribute to adaptive immunity?

<p>It generates a population of functional T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the body's surface barriers in the immune system?

<p>To block the entry of pathogens into the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the three lines of defense interact to protect the body from pathogens?

<p>Each line activates the next, with surface barriers triggering innate immunity, which then activates adaptive immunity if necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are lymphatic capillaries structured as blind-ended vessels instead of forming a continuous loop like blood capillaries?

<p>To ensure unidirectional flow of lymph away from the tissues, preventing backflow and facilitating immune surveillance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of lymphatic vessels, particularly their location between muscles and the presence of valves, contribute to lymph circulation?

<p>The valves prevent backflow, and muscle contractions help propel lymph towards the heart against gravity in a low-pressure system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional implication of pathogens having an easier time entering lymphatic capillaries compared to blood capillaries?

<p>It ensures that pathogens are efficiently transported to the lymph nodes, facilitating immune response activation and preventing widespread dissemination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymph nodes function to limit the spread of pathogens within the body?

<p>By acting as filters that trap pathogens and prevent them from traveling elsewhere, facilitating interaction with immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does lymphedema typically result in more severe and disfiguring edema compared to edema caused by other conditions such as trauma or heart failure?

<p>Lymphedema involves the accumulation of protein-rich fluid that exacerbates swelling and tissue damage, while other conditions often involve fluid with lower protein content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lymphatic drainage, what would be the most likely consequence of a surgical procedure that inadvertently damaged several lymph-collecting vessels in a limb?

<p>Lymphedema in the affected limb, resulting from impaired interstitial fluid drainage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system's one-way flow mechanism, originating from blind-ended capillaries, support its role in both fluid balance and immune surveillance?

<p>It facilitates the uptake of interstitial fluid and any pathogens present, directing them to lymph nodes for immune activation, while preventing backflow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between muscle contractions and the movement of lymph, especially against gravity, in the lymphatic system?

<p>Muscle contractions compress lymph vessels, propelling lymph forward, while valves prevent backflow, aiding movement against gravity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined effect of increased capillary permeability and chemotaxis on neutrophil behavior during inflammation?

<p>Enhanced neutrophil migration into tissues, promoting pathogen destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an inflammatory response, how does margination prepare neutrophils for diapedesis?

<p>By enabling them to adhere to the endothelium, facilitating their subsequent migration into the tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is directly facilitated by the increased capillary permeability during an inflammatory response?

<p>Diapedesis of neutrophils into the affected tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the release of inflammatory mediators was artificially blocked at the site of tissue damage, what would be the most likely direct consequence on neutrophil activity?

<p>Neutrophils would be unable to adhere to the capillary endothelium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rapid influx of neutrophils, triggered by bone marrow release, directly support the role of local macrophages during the inflammatory response?

<p>It helps to contain the invading pathogens by increasing phagocytic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason local macrophages are considered 'first responders' during an inflammatory response, compared to other phagocytes?

<p>They are activated and present in the tissue within minutes of injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective mechanism is primarily attributed to the occurrence of pain during an inflammatory response?

<p>Signaling awareness to avoid further tissue damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what order do the following processes occur following tissue damage: (1) margination, (2) release of inflammatory mediators, (3) diapedesis, and (4) chemotaxis of neutrophils?

<p>2, 4, 1, 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lymphedema

Accumulation of excess interstitial fluid due to lymphatic vessel issues.

Causes of Lymphedema

Surgical removal or blockage by pathogens (e.g., parasites).

Lymphoid Organs

House leukocytes such as macrophages, lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

Macrophages

Mature monocytes; active phagocytes.

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B and T Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes with diverse immune functions.

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Dendritic Cells

Immune cells with spiny processes.

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MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

Protects mucous membranes from pathogens.

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Main Types of Tonsils

Pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine, and lingual.

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Peyer's Patches

Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine that defends against bacteria escaping the large intestine.

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Appendix

A blind-ended tube extending from the large intestine that defends against bacteria, particularly potential pathogens.

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Lymph Nodes

Small clusters of lymphatic tissue along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph.

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Axillary Lymph Nodes

Specific clusters of lymph nodes found in the armpit area.

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Cervical Lymph Nodes

Specific clusters of lymph nodes found in the neck.

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Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Specific clusters of lymph nodes found in the groin.

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Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

Specific clusters of lymph nodes found in the abdominal cavity.

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Spleen

The largest lymphoid organ, it filters blood, removes old erythrocytes, and contains leukocytes and dendritic cells.

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Innate (nonspecific) Immunity

Immunity that responds the same way to all pathogens, acting quickly within the first 12 hours of exposure.

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Adaptive (specific) Immunity

Immunity that responds individually to unique antigens and responds more slowly.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

An 'arm' of the adaptive immune system, which is brought about by T cells.

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Antibody-Mediated Immunity

An 'arm' of the adaptive immune system, which is carried out by B cells and antibodies.

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Antigens

Markers on cells that identify them as belonging to a specific group.

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Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Leukocytes that function primarily in innate immunity by attacking infected or cancerous cells.

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Cytokines

Proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity, regulating immune cell development and activity.

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Lymphoid Organs' Role

Lymphoid organs and tissues provide a place for immune cells like B cells, T cells, and macrophages to live.

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Lymphoid 'Traps'

Lymphoid tissues have reticular fibers that act like 'nets' to catch pathogens, making it easier for leukocytes to interact with them.

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Lymphoid Activation

Lymphoid organs contain cells (like dendritic cells) that are important for starting the activation of B and T cells. The thymus is important for selecting T cells.

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Innate Immunity Components

The rapid response includes antimicrobial molecules and different types of cells.

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Innate Immunity Cell Types

These include phagocytic cells (cells that eat pathogens) and nonphagocytic cells.

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NK Cells

Innate immune cells that recognize and kill cancerous and virus-infected cells, despite lacking specific antigen recognition. They also activate macrophages.

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Basophils

Granulocytes primarily in the blood that contain inflammatory mediators. They are key players in triggering inflammation, especially in allergic responses.

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Complement System

A group of over 20 plasma proteins that enhance both innate and adaptive immunity, mainly produced by the liver; circulate in inactive forms and get activated through a cascade.

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Inactive Complement Proteins

Inactive complement proteins circulate in this form, ready to be activated by enzymes in a cascade-like manner during immune responses.

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C3 Cleavage

The point where two complement pathways converge, resulting in the activation of C3b that cleaves C5 into C5b.

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Inflammatory Pain

Pain is triggered by inflammatory mediators like bradykinin and prostaglandins stimulating sensory neurons.

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Leukocyte Recruitment

Inflammatory mediators recruit leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils) to the site of damage via chemotaxis.

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Macrophage Activation

Local macrophages activate quickly to phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells as 'first responders'.

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Neutrophil Migration

Neutrophils migrate to damaged tissue following chemical signals (chemotaxis).

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Neutrophil Attraction

Inflammatory mediators and complement proteins attract neutrophils to leave the blood and enter affected tissues.

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Margination

Neutrophils stick to blood vessel walls (margination) due to inflammatory mediators making the endothelium 'sticky'.

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Diapedesis

Increased capillary permeability allows neutrophils to squeeze through endothelial cells into damaged tissue (diapedesis).

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Neutrophil Release

The bone marrow releases stored neutrophils into the blood, rapidly increasing their levels.

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Lymphatic Vessels

Low-pressure vessels that transport lymph, lacking a central pump.

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Lymph Flow Mechanisms

Valves prevent backflow, and muscle contractions aid lymph movement.

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Lymphatic Capillaries

Tiny vessels in tissues that form a weblike network around blood capillaries.

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Blind-Ended Capillaries

Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended, ensuring one-way flow away from tissues.

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Lymphatic Capillary Entry

Pathways which allow interstitial fluid pathogens to enter more easily than blood capillaries.

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Lymph Node Function

Limits pathogen spread by acting as filters, trapping and preventing travel.

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Thymus

A small, encapsulated organ in the superior mediastinum; generates functional T cells.

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Immune System's Defense Lines

Surface barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.

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First Line of Defense

Cutaneous and mucous membranes that block pathogen entry.

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Second Line of Defense

Cellular and protein responses of innate immunity.

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Third Line of Defense

Cellular and protein responses of adaptive immunity.

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Surface Barriers

Skin and mucous membranes act as physical barriers.

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Keratin

A protein in skin providing resistance to mechanical stresses.

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Mucus Function

Traps pathogens and protects underlying cells.

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Cytokine secreted by macrophages; attracts & stimulates phagocytes.

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Interferons

Cytokines produced against intracellular infections; inhibits viral replication.

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Interleukins

Cytokines produced by leukocytes; stimulate neutrophils, NK cells, interferons, and activate T cells.

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Inflammatory Response

Innate response to cell damage, involving inflammatory mediators and phagocytes.

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Antimicrobial Proteins

Proteins that enhance both innate and adaptive immunity by causing cell lysis, enhanced inflammation, neutralized virus, enhanced phagocytosis and clearance of immune complexes

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Cell Lysis (Complement)

Some complement proteins directly destroy pathogens by disrupting their plasma membranes.

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Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A structure formed by several activated complement proteins. It inserts into the plasma membrane, creating a pore and causing lysis.

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Complement & Inflammation

Complement proteins enhance inflammation by triggering basophils and mast cells to release inflammatory chemicals.

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C3b and Opsonization

C3b enhances phagocytosis by binding to pathogens, making it easier for phagocytes to bind and engulf them

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Inflammatory Response Initiation

Initiated by tissue damage, involving release of mediators from damaged cells and mast cells.

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Inflammatory Mediators

Histamine, serotonin, cytokines, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.

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Complement Protein Action

Activated complement proteins stimulate mediator release from cells like basophils and mast cells.

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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling (edema), and pain.

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Vasodilation in Inflammation

Relaxation of smooth muscle in arterioles, leading to increased blood flow (hyperemia).

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Inflammation Pain Function

Pain caused by inflammatory mediators; serves to protect by signaling tissue damage and prompting avoidance.

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Chemotaxis

The process by which inflammatory mediators attract leukocytes to the site of tissue damage.

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Local Macrophage Role

Activated within minutes of injury; they phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells.

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Attracting Neutrophils

Attract neutrophils, enabling them to leave the blood and enter tissue.

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Margination Definition

Neutrophils stick to capillary walls near the damaged area.

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Diapedesis Definition

Increased capillary permeability that lets neutrophils squeeze through to reach damaged tissue.

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Bone Marrow's role

Rapidly increases the level of neutrophils circulating in the blood.

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Inflammation Mediation

Recruit leukocytes to damaged tissue and activate complement proteins simultaneously.

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