Med Term Chapter 11 Part 3

Questions and Answers

What is a major disadvantage of passive immunity?

It does not lead to the development of immunological memory. (correct)

It can only be acquired through vaccination.

It is typically longer lasting than active immunity.

It requires multiple exposures to be effective.

Which of the following best describes active immunity?

Immunity that is effective only against viral infections.

Immunity derived from a vaccine response that avoids disease. (correct)

Immunity that is present from birth without any exposure.

Immunity achieved through the transfer of maternal antibodies.

Which statement is true regarding vaccination?

Vaccination is ineffective against specific pathogens like polio.

Vaccination provides immediate protection without any risk of disease.

Vaccination solely relies on passive immunity mechanisms.

The benefits of vaccination arise from the development of immunological memory. (correct)

What method can provide a rapid temporary immunity to a recently exposed individual?

Immunoglobulin injections from previously immunized individuals. Signup and view all the answers

During which life stage does the body primarily develop immunological memory?

Early childhood, with significant immune system development. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the immune system face from pathogens?

Pathogens evolve rapidly to evade immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cancer vaccines as described?

To enhance the immune response against modified cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

How does short-term stress affect the immune system according to the information provided?

It enhances innate immune responses to prepare for infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is NOT listed as being affected by stress?

Respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic stress on the immune system?

It inhibits both innate and adaptive immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in the immune response?

To suppress T cell immune mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is mentioned as being potentially targeted by specific cancer vaccines?

Malignant melanoma Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily the cause of primary lymphedema?

Genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immune response?

It has a complex cell wall that resists digestive enzymes of macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?

Involves impaired B cell and T cell immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

How do multiple strains of S.aureus, particularly MRSA, contribute to its evasion from immune responses?

Each strain possesses unique surface antigens requiring distinct immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of severe lymphedema?

Lymphangiosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunosuppressive molecules play in viral infections?

They impair immune function, allowing the virus to persist. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically used in the treatment of lymphedema?

Bone marrow transplant Signup and view all the answers

What is one unique feature of gene therapy treatments for SCID?

Uses non-defective genes inserted into patient cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplants?

Donor lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How can HIV lead to complete suppression of the immune system?

It directly attacks immune system components. Signup and view all the answers

How does the rapid mutation and division of cancer cells affect immune response?

It enables cancer cells to escape immune detection and destruction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vaccines for cancer prevention is correct?

Vaccines stimulate long-lasting immune responses against specific cancer-causing viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of treating HIV-positive individuals with drugs targeting virally encoded proteins?

To prolong the lives of HIV-positive individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity takes the longest to develop after exposure to an antigen?

Type IV hypersensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

In which instance is epinephrine used during allergic reactions?

To counteract anaphylactic shock. Signup and view all the answers

What commonality do autoimmune diseases share regarding their triggers?

They usually stem from the hosts' own immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Type III hypersensitivity is true?

It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Type I hypersensitivity?

It typically causes symptoms within minutes of exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary autoantigen targeted in Celiac disease?

Tissue transglutaminase Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune condition involves the beta cells of the pancreas?

Diabetes mellitus type I Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity is assessed through skin testing?

Type I hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the mass collection of malignant lymphocytes in lymphoma?

Malignant T and/or B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by antibodies blocking the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor?

Graves’ disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment consideration for some forms of lymphoma?

Aggressive treatment may be necessary Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease involves damage to multiple body systems?

Lupus erythematosus Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle condition is associated with Myasthenia gravis?

Debilitating muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Active Versus Passive Immunity

Immunity can be acquired through active immunity, where an individual’s immune system responds to infection, leading to the formation of memory cells.
Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune person, providing temporary protection without contributing to immunological memory.
Natural passive immunity occurs through maternal transfer of antibodies during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Artificial passive immunity includes immunoglobulin injections from previously exposed animals.

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Vaccination stimulates an adaptive immune response, leading to the development of memory cells and long-term protection against specific pathogens.
Vaccination has led to significant advances in public health, such as the eradication of smallpox and control over diseases like polio and measles.

Pathogen Evasion of the Immune System

Pathogens evolve to avoid immune detection, highlighted by several mechanisms:
- Protective adaptations: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a resistant cell wall that survives macrophage digestion.
- Multiple strains: Variants like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) evade immunity through diverse surface antigens.
- Antigen mutation: Influenza viruses frequently change their surface molecules, requiring yearly vaccine updates.
- Genetic recombination: Mixed viral infections can create new, virulent strains, as seen in the 2010 H1N1 outbreak.
- Immunosuppression: Certain viruses produce molecules that impair immune function.

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue typing and immunosuppressive drugs have improved organ transplant success rates.
Family donors often provide better matches due to shared major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Graft-versus-host disease can occur in bone marrow transplants when donor lymphocytes react against recipient tissues.

Immune Responses Against Cancer

A healthy immune system can control cancers associated with viruses (e.g., Kaposi’s sarcoma, liver cancer from hepatitis B).
Cancers can evade immune responses by mutating and losing antigen expression.
The immune response to cancer includes three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape, where escaping cells may proliferate unchecked.
Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells by using treated cells from the patient.

Immunomodulation by Stress

Stress affects the immune system, promoting innate responses during fight-or-flight situations.
Chronic stress can suppress both innate and adaptive immune functions, increasing disease susceptibility.
Stress-related illnesses can affect multiple body systems, leading to various health issues.

Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System

Lymphedema: Swelling due to lymphatic fluid accumulation, classified as primary (congenital) or secondary (due to damage). Treatment options include compression garments and exercise.
Immunodeficiencies: Can be inherited (e.g., SCID) or acquired (e.g., HIV/AIDS), both leading to increased vulnerability to infections.
SCID involves severe deficiencies in both B and T cell responses, often requiring bone marrow transplants.
HIV targets the immune system, leading to a decline in CD4 T cells and increased risk of opportunistic infections.

Hypersensitivities and Autoimmune Diseases

Hypersensitivities can be categorized into types, with Type I (allergies) being immediate and treatable with antihistamines or epinephrine for severe reactions.
Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks self-cells, can lead to chronic inflammation and varying symptoms.
Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type I diabetes, each with targeted autoantigens and associated health problems.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is characterized by malignant lymphocytes in lymph nodes and organs, leading to immune dysfunction.
Treatment success varies depending on the lymphoma type, ranging from slow-progressing to aggressive forms requiring intensive intervention.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of active and passive immunity in the context of the lymphatic and immune systems. Participants will learn how immunity can be developed through individual responses or through the transfer of immune components. Understanding the implications of both types of immunity is crucial for grasping how the body defends against pathogens.