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Questions and Answers
What is a major disadvantage of passive immunity?
What is a major disadvantage of passive immunity?
Which of the following best describes active immunity?
Which of the following best describes active immunity?
Which statement is true regarding vaccination?
Which statement is true regarding vaccination?
What method can provide a rapid temporary immunity to a recently exposed individual?
What method can provide a rapid temporary immunity to a recently exposed individual?
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During which life stage does the body primarily develop immunological memory?
During which life stage does the body primarily develop immunological memory?
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What challenge does the immune system face from pathogens?
What challenge does the immune system face from pathogens?
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What is the primary purpose of cancer vaccines as described?
What is the primary purpose of cancer vaccines as described?
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How does short-term stress affect the immune system according to the information provided?
How does short-term stress affect the immune system according to the information provided?
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Which of the following systems is NOT listed as being affected by stress?
Which of the following systems is NOT listed as being affected by stress?
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What is a consequence of chronic stress on the immune system?
What is a consequence of chronic stress on the immune system?
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What is the role of cortisol in the immune response?
What is the role of cortisol in the immune response?
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Which type of cancer is mentioned as being potentially targeted by specific cancer vaccines?
Which type of cancer is mentioned as being potentially targeted by specific cancer vaccines?
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What is primarily the cause of primary lymphedema?
What is primarily the cause of primary lymphedema?
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What is a significant challenge posed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immune response?
What is a significant challenge posed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immune response?
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Which of the following accurately describes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?
Which of the following accurately describes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?
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How do multiple strains of S.aureus, particularly MRSA, contribute to its evasion from immune responses?
How do multiple strains of S.aureus, particularly MRSA, contribute to its evasion from immune responses?
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What is a potential complication of severe lymphedema?
What is a potential complication of severe lymphedema?
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What role do immunosuppressive molecules play in viral infections?
What role do immunosuppressive molecules play in viral infections?
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Which method is NOT typically used in the treatment of lymphedema?
Which method is NOT typically used in the treatment of lymphedema?
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What is one unique feature of gene therapy treatments for SCID?
What is one unique feature of gene therapy treatments for SCID?
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What is the primary cause of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplants?
What is the primary cause of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplants?
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How can HIV lead to complete suppression of the immune system?
How can HIV lead to complete suppression of the immune system?
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How does the rapid mutation and division of cancer cells affect immune response?
How does the rapid mutation and division of cancer cells affect immune response?
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Which of the following statements about vaccines for cancer prevention is correct?
Which of the following statements about vaccines for cancer prevention is correct?
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What is the primary purpose of treating HIV-positive individuals with drugs targeting virally encoded proteins?
What is the primary purpose of treating HIV-positive individuals with drugs targeting virally encoded proteins?
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Which type of hypersensitivity takes the longest to develop after exposure to an antigen?
Which type of hypersensitivity takes the longest to develop after exposure to an antigen?
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In which instance is epinephrine used during allergic reactions?
In which instance is epinephrine used during allergic reactions?
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What commonality do autoimmune diseases share regarding their triggers?
What commonality do autoimmune diseases share regarding their triggers?
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Which of the following statements about Type III hypersensitivity is true?
Which of the following statements about Type III hypersensitivity is true?
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What is a characteristic feature of Type I hypersensitivity?
What is a characteristic feature of Type I hypersensitivity?
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What is the primary autoantigen targeted in Celiac disease?
What is the primary autoantigen targeted in Celiac disease?
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Which autoimmune disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints?
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What symptom is associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
What symptom is associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
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Which autoimmune condition involves the beta cells of the pancreas?
Which autoimmune condition involves the beta cells of the pancreas?
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What type of hypersensitivity is assessed through skin testing?
What type of hypersensitivity is assessed through skin testing?
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Which of the following describes the mass collection of malignant lymphocytes in lymphoma?
Which of the following describes the mass collection of malignant lymphocytes in lymphoma?
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Which condition is caused by antibodies blocking the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor?
Which condition is caused by antibodies blocking the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor?
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What is a common treatment consideration for some forms of lymphoma?
What is a common treatment consideration for some forms of lymphoma?
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Which autoimmune disease involves damage to multiple body systems?
Which autoimmune disease involves damage to multiple body systems?
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What type of muscle condition is associated with Myasthenia gravis?
What type of muscle condition is associated with Myasthenia gravis?
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Study Notes
Active Versus Passive Immunity
- Immunity can be acquired through active immunity, where an individual’s immune system responds to infection, leading to the formation of memory cells.
- Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune person, providing temporary protection without contributing to immunological memory.
- Natural passive immunity occurs through maternal transfer of antibodies during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
- Artificial passive immunity includes immunoglobulin injections from previously exposed animals.
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
- Vaccination stimulates an adaptive immune response, leading to the development of memory cells and long-term protection against specific pathogens.
- Vaccination has led to significant advances in public health, such as the eradication of smallpox and control over diseases like polio and measles.
Pathogen Evasion of the Immune System
- Pathogens evolve to avoid immune detection, highlighted by several mechanisms:
- Protective adaptations: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a resistant cell wall that survives macrophage digestion.
- Multiple strains: Variants like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) evade immunity through diverse surface antigens.
- Antigen mutation: Influenza viruses frequently change their surface molecules, requiring yearly vaccine updates.
- Genetic recombination: Mixed viral infections can create new, virulent strains, as seen in the 2010 H1N1 outbreak.
- Immunosuppression: Certain viruses produce molecules that impair immune function.
Tissue Transplantation
- Tissue typing and immunosuppressive drugs have improved organ transplant success rates.
- Family donors often provide better matches due to shared major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
- Graft-versus-host disease can occur in bone marrow transplants when donor lymphocytes react against recipient tissues.
Immune Responses Against Cancer
- A healthy immune system can control cancers associated with viruses (e.g., Kaposi’s sarcoma, liver cancer from hepatitis B).
- Cancers can evade immune responses by mutating and losing antigen expression.
- The immune response to cancer includes three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape, where escaping cells may proliferate unchecked.
- Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells by using treated cells from the patient.
Immunomodulation by Stress
- Stress affects the immune system, promoting innate responses during fight-or-flight situations.
- Chronic stress can suppress both innate and adaptive immune functions, increasing disease susceptibility.
- Stress-related illnesses can affect multiple body systems, leading to various health issues.
Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System
- Lymphedema: Swelling due to lymphatic fluid accumulation, classified as primary (congenital) or secondary (due to damage). Treatment options include compression garments and exercise.
- Immunodeficiencies: Can be inherited (e.g., SCID) or acquired (e.g., HIV/AIDS), both leading to increased vulnerability to infections.
- SCID involves severe deficiencies in both B and T cell responses, often requiring bone marrow transplants.
- HIV targets the immune system, leading to a decline in CD4 T cells and increased risk of opportunistic infections.
Hypersensitivities and Autoimmune Diseases
- Hypersensitivities can be categorized into types, with Type I (allergies) being immediate and treatable with antihistamines or epinephrine for severe reactions.
- Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks self-cells, can lead to chronic inflammation and varying symptoms.
- Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type I diabetes, each with targeted autoantigens and associated health problems.
Lymphoma
- Lymphoma is characterized by malignant lymphocytes in lymph nodes and organs, leading to immune dysfunction.
- Treatment success varies depending on the lymphoma type, ranging from slow-progressing to aggressive forms requiring intensive intervention.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of active and passive immunity in the context of the lymphatic and immune systems. Participants will learn how immunity can be developed through individual responses or through the transfer of immune components. Understanding the implications of both types of immunity is crucial for grasping how the body defends against pathogens.