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Questions and Answers
What is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis?
What is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis?
Which type of immunity involves the development of antibodies from a vaccine?
Which type of immunity involves the development of antibodies from a vaccine?
What is a common symptom associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a common symptom associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
How should epinephrine be administered for adult anaphylaxis?
How should epinephrine be administered for adult anaphylaxis?
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Which of the following treatments can increase the risk of infection in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Which of the following treatments can increase the risk of infection in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
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What is the implication of a CD4+ count dropping below 200 in HIV patients?
What is the implication of a CD4+ count dropping below 200 in HIV patients?
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Which condition is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
Which condition is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which method of HIV transmission does NOT include sexual contact?
Which method of HIV transmission does NOT include sexual contact?
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Flashcards
Active Immunity
Active Immunity
Immunity gained through disease or vaccination, producing antibodies.
Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
Immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another source.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic reaction affecting multiple body systems, often IgE mediated.
Epinephrine Treatment
Epinephrine Treatment
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Type I Allergy
Type I Allergy
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HIV Transmission
HIV Transmission
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Stages of HIV
Stages of HIV
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Study Notes
Immunity
- Immunity is the body's defense system against harmful pathogens.
- Components of the immune system include lymph nodes, thymus, appendix, spleen, bone marrow, and Peyer's patches.
- The innate immune system includes neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
- The adaptive immune systems includes memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, plasma cells, B cell progenitor, and memory B cells
- The hematopoietic stem cell is the precursor of immune cells.
Active and Passive Immunity
- Active immunity:
- Natural: Antibodies developed from infections.
- Artificial: Antibodies developed from vaccines; may require boosters.
- Passive immunity:
- Antibodies obtained from external sources like breast milk.
- Artificial: Antibodies injected; no memory cells formed.
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I (Allergic Reactions):
- Mediated by IgE
- Onset within one hour.
- Examples: Anaphylaxis, hives.
- Type II (Cytotoxic):
- IgG or IgM mediated
- Onset: Hours to days
- Examples: Hemolytic anemia.
- Type III (Immune Complex):
- Immune complex-mediated
- Onset: 1-3 weeks
- Examples: Serum sickness, lupus.
- Type IV (Cell-Mediated):
- T-cell-mediated
- Onset: Days to weeks
- Examples: Contact dermatitis, poison ivy, asthma.
Allergies (Type I)
- Inappropriate immune response.
- Symptoms: Pruritus, urticaria, angioedema.
- Treatment: Antihistamines.
Anaphylaxis (Type I)
- Two or more body systems affected
- Faster onset, worse reaction.
- Treatment: Epinephrine, steroids, antihistamines.
Anaphylaxis Treatment
- Epinephrine: 0.3 mg IM for adults, 0.15 mg IM for children
- Autoinjector: Vastus lateralis.
- Repeat epinephrine 2 mg IN every 5 minutes as needed
Type II Hypersensitivity (Acute Hemolytic Reaction)
- Symptoms during a transfusion:
- Systemic: chills, fever, hypotension, uncontrollable bleeding
- Vascular: transfusion vein sensation
- Lumbar region pain
- Heart: increased heart rate
- Chest: constricting pain
- Urinary: hemoglobinuria, hyperbilirubinemia
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE, Type III)
- Chronic inflammatory disorder.
- Symptoms: butterfly rash, discoid skin rashes, disturbed body image.
- Treatment: sun protection, avoiding infections, promoting rest, monitoring infections, steroids, tapering steroids to avoid complications like Addison's crisis.
Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction
- Examples: Asthma, contact dermatitis, poison ivy, local reactions (bites/stings).
HIV
- Chronic infection, impairs immune system.
- Transmission routes: sexual, parenteral, perinatal (blood, body fluids, placenta, delivery, breast-feeding).
- Reducing transmission risks is crucial.
HIV Stages
- Stage 0 (Acute): Normal lab values.
- Stage 1 (Chronic): CD4+ > 500.
- Stage 2 (Worse): CD4+ 200-499.
- Stage 3 (AIDS): CD4+<200.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells/mcL.
AIDS-Defining Conditions
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis, HIV-related encephalopathy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, invasive cervical cancer.
HIV Management
- Prevention of infection.
- Monitoring CD4+ counts.
- Antiretroviral drugs.
- Safe sex practices (condoms, dental dams, water-based lubricants, latex gloves).
- Monitoring for other infections.
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
- PrEP drugs (e.g., Truvada): tenofovir/emtricitabine, one tablet daily.
- Effective for high-risk populations.
- Starts working after 7 days.
- Ineffective if two consecutive doses are missed.
- Monitor renal function, and HIV status every 3 months.
- Continue practices like safe sex.
Lyme Disease
- Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
- Stages:
- Stage 1: Flu-like symptoms, arthralgias, erythema migrans.
- Stage 2: Cardiac, respiratory, neurologic symptoms.
- Stage 3: Arthritis, chronic fatigue, memory problems.
- Prevention/Early Detection: Avoid heavily wooded areas, wear light-colored clothing, use insect repellent, and check for ticks; remove ticks immediately, report bites, and follow-up with provider for testing within 4-6 weeks.
Transplant Rejection
- Hyperacute rejection: Minutes to hours, immune system triggers blood clots in the new organ, leads to organ failure.
- Acute rejection: 1 week to 3 months, inflammation in blood vessels and tissues of transplanted organ; potentially controlled with anti-rejection medication.
- Chronic rejection: Months to years, chronic inflammation and scarring, reduced blood flow and organ function.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system, including its components and the differences between active and passive immunity. Explore types of hypersensitivity reactions and the cells involved in immune responses. This quiz covers essential concepts for understanding immunity.
