Adaptive Immunity

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Questions and Answers

What is adaptive immunity?

It is specific antigen driven immunity. It mainly uses lymphocytes and antibodies , and APC. Its function is the recognize foreign substances, determines self & nonself, and does memory. It has 2 types, humoral which makes antibodies by B cells. cell mediated which is by T cells.

What is natural immunity?

Acquired during biological exposures of individual rather than medical interventions.Natural acquired immunity is caused when you are exposed to an antigen in daily life. Natural acquired active immunity is when pt is exposed to a disease. Naturally acquired passive immunity is when antibodies are made by a mother and given to a baby.

what is acquired immunity?

Is is obtained by some manner other than heredity.

What is artificial immunity?

<p>It is protection gained through medical procedures. Artificial acquired immunity is obtained by getting an antigen by injection. Artificially acquired active immunity is when a person gets a vaccine that has dead organisms or toxins. Artificially acquired passsive immunity is when antibodies made by someone else are given to host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

<p>Active immunity is when a persons own immunity system makes antibodies to defend. Passive immunity is when antibodies are introduced to an antigen . Antibodies are given to a pt from someone else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antigen?

<p>A substance made by the body that it sees as forgiven and mounts an immune response. It is a large protein with complex structures. An example can be a polysaccharide, glycoprotein, nucleoprotein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is an epitope?

<p>it is an area on a molecule where an antibody can bind to. It is on antigen and it is an antigenic determinant. AN antigen is made superficially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a hapten?

<p>It acts as an antigen and binds to a large protein molecule. It can’t act as an antigen alone and needs to bind to a protein body. t acts as an epitope on the surface of proteins. It can provide an immune response when it binds to proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is an antibody and its strucure?

<p>A protein made in response to antigen that is able to bind to it. It is made of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 are identical light, 2 are identical heavy. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds. There are 2 regions, constant and variable. Valence is the number of antigen binding sites there are on an antibody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is IgG?

<p>Main antibody in serum. It is long lived and made in a secondary response. Its purpose is to circulate against bacteria, neutralize toxins, phagocytosis, and long term immunity. It can also activate the complement system and act as an opsonoin (phagocytosis). It is the only Ig that can cross the placenta. It has 2 binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is IgA?

<p>Most common in the body. Located in the mucous membranes, body secretions, Ig secretions, GI system, respiratory tract. It prevents the attachment of pathogens and activates the alternate complement pathway. It binds to epithelial cells that make an antibody on mucous membrane. It has 2 forms, 4 dimers or 2 monomers. A j chain connects the 2 monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is IgM?

<p>First antibody made and secreted in primary immune response. Located in B cell membranes. It can activate complement, serve as a B cell receptor. It is made from B cell and plasma cells, inherited by blood, in fetus. It is large and has a J chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is IgE?

<p>Is function is to have an affinity for plasma membranes of basophils in blood or mast cells in tissue. IgE increases in allergies and parasitic infections. It causes a type 1 hypersensitivity. It has 2 monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is IgD?

<p>Is is coated on the surface of B cell membranes and it is the rarest Ig. Its function is unknown but it binds to antigen on B cell receptors. It has 2 monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are B cells and humoral immunity?

<p>They come from plasma cells and are made when plasma cells is exposed to free or cellular antigens to activate them. They secret and rearrange immunoglobulin. They use IgM to recognize antigens and form the BCR complex which looks for foreign molecules. They responds to chemical structures and cell mediated proteins. Humoral immunity is the ability of B cells to recognize antigens and initiate protective responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is clonal selection?

<p>Clonal selection is caused when an antigen binds to an antigen receptor on a B cell and it proliferates to large clone of cells. It occurs when T and B cells are challenged by an immunogenicity. These cells are genetically identical and are the multiplication of a particular lymphocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell mediated immunity and T cells?

<p>Cell mediated immunity uses the differentiation and activation of different types of T cells and production of lymphocytes. T cells are made n the thymus and act against forgein organisms and secrete lymphokines. They the the TCR receptor to attach to CD33</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different type of CD T cells??

<p>CD2 is a receptor for sheep RBC. CD3 is attached to a T cell receptor. CD4 helps helper T bind to MHC 2 and makes cytokines to stimulate B cells and macrophages. CD5 and CD7 are pan-T-cell markers. CD8 cytotoxic T binds with MHC 1 and kills viruses and tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of helper T cells?

<p>TH1 stimulates the cell mediate immune response reactions and fight intracellular organisms. They secrete interleukins and gamma interferon. TH2 cels stimulate antibodies production and fight extracellular oganisms. They help B cells. Tc cells do the destruction of infected host cells and other foreign cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are dendritic cells?

<p>Their function is to present antigen (APC) and initiate T cells against protein antigens. They captur the antigen under epithelia and interstitial of tissue cells. They appear to have many fine cytoplasmic processes that resemble dendritic. Langerhans are important since they are the DC cells in the epidermis. They express receptor and capture &amp; respond o lymph nodes. High MHC needed to activate T cells when they are presented to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

<p>It presets antigens that are recognized by a T cell receptor. It displays peptides for recognition by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. It uses TCR which is a heterodimer made of disulfide linked a &amp;. B protein chains. The variable region binds to peptide antigen and constant region interacts with inhaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 classes of antigens?

<p>Class 1 antigen is all nucleated cells and is has a transmembrane a-glycoprotein chain with b-macroglobulin. It function is to react with antibodies and CD8 positive lymphocytes, fight viruses and transplants. Class II is located on APC, B cell, and T cell. It has a transmmembrane a chain &amp; b chain. It functions in CD4 reactions, fights exogenous antigens by APC. It also plays a role in organ rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do T Cell mature?

<p>They mature in the thymi’s and use hormones to develop. Mature T cells express either the CD4 or CD8 coreceptor. They circulate in the lymph and circulatory system when matured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytokine?

<p>It is a chemical messenger in the immune system made from proteins that mediate immune response and inflammation. It is made when microbes and stimuli. It causes final action and stops viruses. It includes many types of cells such as macrophages, NK cells, and endothelial and epithelial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active immunization and the different types of it?

<p>Active immunization is the process of inducing activity immunity by giving vaccines or toxoids. A toxoid is an inactivated toxin that is no longer harmful but retains its antigenic properties. A vaccine is a substance that has an antigen that captures and immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive immmunizarion and the different types?

<p>Passive immunization is giving a population readily made antibodies. It includes ways such as immune serum globulin, hyper immune serum, and antitoxin. Passive humoral immunity is by giving antibody immune globulin preparations with no memory and rapid onset. Passive cellular immunity is the administration of specific lymphocytes and has no memory. This type is short lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity

Specific, antigen-driven immunity using lymphocytes, antibodies, and APCs. It recognizes foreign substances, distinguishes self from non-self, and creates immunological memory.

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