42 Questions
What is the primary abnormality in the airways of the lung in asthma?
Narrowing of the airway
Which of the following is not a cellular component involved in the inflammation seen in asthma?
Neutrophils
What type of structural changes occur in the airway due to remodelling in asthma?
Thickening of the airway wall
Which of the following factors may precipitate wheezing in individuals with asthma?
Viral infections
What is a rare cause of asthma mentioned in the text?
Aspergillus fumigatus spores
How is asthma diagnosis often confirmed according to the text?
Based on response to bronchodilators
What is the most common malignant tumour in the world?
Primary carcinoma of the lung
Which lung function test helps in demonstrating variable airflow limitation?
PEFR
What test is commonly used to assess airway responsiveness in allergy/hypersensitivity?
Histamine test
What is the recommended diagnostic test for allergy?
Skin-prick tests
Which drug is classified as an anti-inflammatory agent for respiratory diseases?
Theophyllines
When is a repeated Chest X-ray typically recommended in lung diseases?
In acute severe attacks
What is the predominant cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in developed countries?
Cigarette smoking
Which characteristic symptoms are associated with COPD?
Cough and wheeze
What is the main pathological feature of emphysema in COPD?
Dilatation and destruction of lung tissue
Which lung function parameter is typically decreased in COPD?
FEV1
What is the treatment approach for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Smoking cessation
What are the three characteristics of asthma?
Airway limitation, airway hyper-responsiveness, inflammation of bronchi
What is the main factor involved in the development of asthma?
Atopy and allergy
Which of the following is a common feature of asthma?
IgE against environmental antigens
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a reversible airflow limitation.
False
Smoking is the dominant causal agent for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in developed countries.
True
Chronic bronchitis in COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, predominantly involving lymphocytes.
True
Emphysema in COPD is characterized by dilatation and destruction of the lung tissue proximal to the terminal bronchioles.
False
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitation that is typically irreversible.
False
Asthma is more common in Far Eastern countries compared to developed countries.
False
Atopy and allergy are the only major factors involved in the development of asthma.
True
Respiratory failure is a complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
True
Emphysema in COPD is characterized by loss of elastic recoil and air trapping, leading to expiratory airflow limitation.
True
Chest X-ray is the recommended diagnostic test for confirming the diagnosis of asthma.
False
Lung tumours are rare in comparison to other respiratory diseases.
False
Theophyllines are classified as bronchodilators for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
False
Blood and sputum tests can help detect eosinophils but not Aspergillus antibodies in lung diseases.
False
Histamine and methacholine are used to test airway responsiveness in allergy/hypersensitivity.
True
A trial of steroids is recommended for those with severe airflow limitation to assess reversibility.
True
Exercise tests are commonly performed in adults to assess lung function.
False
Narrowing of the airway is a primary abnormality in asthma.
True
Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in the inflammatory process of asthma by releasing inflammatory mediators.
True
The airborne spores of $Aspergillus fumagatus$ are a common cause of asthma.
False
During an asthma attack, prolonged inspiratory time and bilateral inspiratory wheezes are observed on examination.
False
Structural changes in the airway, known as remodelling, occur in asthma.
True
Occupational sensitizers, viral infections, cold air, exercise, irritant dusts, vapours, fumes, emotion, and drugs are all non-specific factors that may cause wheezing in individuals with asthma.
True
Study Notes
- Asthma is characterized by increased airway responsiveness, narrowing, thickening of airway walls, and inflammation with cells like eosinophils and mast cells releasing inflammatory mediators.
- Triggers for asthma include occupational sensitizers, non-specific factors like viral infections, cold air, and rare causes like Aspergillus fumagatus spores.
- Diagnosis of asthma is often based on history and response to bronchodilators, with lung function tests and allergy tests playing a role.
- Treatment for asthma involves controlling triggers, using bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents like steroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and immunosuppressive agents.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation, inflammation, and is mainly caused by smoking in developed countries.
- COPD includes chronic bronchitis with airway inflammation and emphysema with lung tissue destruction, leading to symptoms like cough, sputum, and breathlessness.
- COPD diagnosis involves lung function tests, chest X-rays, arterial blood gases, and treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and management of complications like respiratory failure and cor pulmonale.
- Lung tumors, specifically primary bronchial carcinoma, are common with a poor prognosis, accounting for 95% of primary lung tumors.
Test your knowledge on lung function tests and allergy diagnostic procedures. Topics include variable airflow limitation, airway responsiveness, allergy testing methods, chest X-ray usage, and more.
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