Lung Compliance and Elastic Recoil Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor influencing the elastic recoil of the lungs?

  • Breathing rate
  • Airway pressure
  • Lung compliance
  • Alveolar surface tension (correct)

Which condition is likely to decrease lung compliance?

  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Pulmonary fibrosis (correct)
  • Pneumonia

What does compliance refer to in the context of lung behavior?

  • The volume of air exchanged in a normal breath
  • The ability of the lungs to recoil after being stretched
  • The change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure (correct)
  • The speed of airflow during expiration

What role do elastin fibers play in lung function?

<p>Facilitate lung expansion and recoil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the elastic behavior of the lungs occur during expiration?

<p>The lungs recoil to their original position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary alveoli?

<p>Gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the alveoli are responsible for secreting surfactant?

<p>Type II cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>Reducing surface tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the inspired air volume typically remains in the respiratory tract during exhalation?

<p>85% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of epithelium is primarily found in the pulmonary alveoli?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the 'air-blood' barrier found in the alveoli?

<p>1 cell thick layer, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surface tension have on the alveoli during breathing?

<p>Increases the effort needed to breathe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the condition of the alveoli without surfactant?

<p>Difficult to expand and prone to collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>It reduces surface tension in the alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major component of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does pulmonary surfactant provide regarding lung mechanics?

<p>Reduces the work of inflating the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary surfactant help in stabilizing the alveoli?

<p>By lowering the tendency of the lungs to collapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are included in the composition of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do unsaturated phospholipids and cholesterol have on pulmonary surfactant?

<p>They enhance the surfactant's fluidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pulmonary surfactant is composed of surfactant proteins?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the defense mechanisms provided by pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Defense against infection and inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure responsible for the storage and secretion of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Lamellar bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age do lamellar bodies first appear in the cytoplasm?

<p>20 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tubular myelin thought to function as in the alveolar space?

<p>A reservoir of surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated alveolar storage pool of surfactant in full-term infants?

<p>100 mg/kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surfactant protein is particularly associated with the assembly of tubular myelin?

<p>SP-A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is surfactant secreted into the alveolar lining fluid?

<p>Exocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process do surfactant phospholipids form lattice-like arrays?

<p>Tubular myelin formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of surfactant in preterm infants at birth?

<p>4–5 mg/kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do collectins like SP-A and SP-D play in the body?

<p>They confer innate immunity and promote phagocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key structural feature of SP-A?

<p>It has a collagen domain fused to a lectin domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to infants born with a congenital absence of SP-B?

<p>They experience intractable respiratory failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does surfactant production primarily occur in the lungs?

<p>In type II alveolar cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surfactant proteins are known to be hydrophobic membrane proteins?

<p>SP-B and SP-C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of SP-B and SP-C in surfactant dynamics?

<p>They enhance the spread of surfactant and its biophysical properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lamellar bodies store in type II cells?

<p>Lipid and protein components of surfactant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do SP-B and SP-C traffic to the lamellar body during production?

<p>They traffic through the Golgi and multivesicular body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborn preterm babies?

<p>Deficiency of surfactant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is most of the surfactant DPPC recycled back into the lungs?

<p>By type II pneumocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key therapeutic strategy for managing the risk of preterm delivery?

<p>Cortisol administration to the mother (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to surface tension in the lungs in the absence of sufficient surfactant?

<p>It increases, leading to lung collapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surfactant preparation is derived from cow lung?

<p>Beractant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nitric oxide (NO) within the human body?

<p>It serves as a signaling molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the pulmonary surfactant preparations?

<p>They are composed of phospholipids and spreading agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which delivery method is associated with a higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?

<p>Caesarian section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lung Elasticity

The ability of the lungs to expand and return to their original shape during breathing.

Lung Compliance

The change in lung volume for each unit change in airway pressure. It's how easily lungs can be stretched.

Stiff Lung

A lung that is stiff and does not stretch easily. This happens in conditions like pulmonary fibrosis.

Elastic Recoil of Lungs

The force that causes the lungs to recoil back to their original shape after stretching.

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Elastin Fiber

The protein that gives the lungs their elastic properties. It is found in the connective tissue surrounding the alveoli.

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Pulmonary Alveoli

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are responsible for providing oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

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Inspiration

The process of breathing in air.

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Expiration

The process of breathing out air.

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Tidal Volume

The total volume of air inspired or expired in one cycle of breathing.

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Alveolar-Capillary Pressure Gradient

The difference in pressure between the air in the alveoli and the air in the blood.

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Alveolar Epithelium

A thin, moist membrane that lines the alveoli and facilitates gas exchange.

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Surfactant

A substance produced by Type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

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Surface Tension

The force that pulls the surface of a liquid inward, causing it to resist stretching.

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Pulmonary Surfactant

A substance found in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

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Pulmonary Compliance

The ability of the lungs to expand easily when air is inhaled.

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Lung Recoil

The tendency of the lungs to recoil back to their original size after inhaling.

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Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

The main component of pulmonary surfactant, a type of phospholipid.

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Surfactant Proteins (SP)

A type of protein that plays a role in pulmonary surfactant's function, including immune defense against infections.

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Type II Alveolar Cells

Type II alveolar cells produce pulmonary surfactant.

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Alveoli

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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SP-B and SP-C Function

Surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C are critical for the proper functioning of surfactant, influencing its mechanical properties and spreading capabilities, vital for lung health.

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SP-B Deficiency

Individuals lacking SP-B suffer from severe respiratory issues at birth, illustrating its essential role.

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SP-C Deficiency

People born without SP-C develop lung inflammation over time, indicating its role in long-term lung health.

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Surfactant Production Site

Type II cells in the lungs are responsible for synthesizing and storing surfactant, crucial for lung function and gas exchange.

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Surfactant Component Synthesis

The components of surfactant, both lipids and proteins, undergo separate production pathways before assembling into complexes within type II cells.

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Surfactant Storage

Surfactant is stored in lamellar bodies within type II cells, resembling tiny 'packages' until released for lung function.

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Surfactant Release

Surfactant is released from type II cells, filling the alveolar airspaces, enabling optimal lung function.

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Collectin Function

Collectins are proteins that play a role in innate immunity by recognizing and binding to foreign substances, facilitating their removal from the body.

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Lamellar Bodies (LB)

Specialized lipid storage organelles found within type II alveolar cells, responsible for storing and releasing surfactant.

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Exocytosis of Lamellar Bodies

The process by which lamellar bodies are released from type II alveolar cells into the alveolar space.

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Tubular Myelin (TM)

A lung-specific structure formed from surfactant phospholipids and SP-A, which helps maintain surfactant stability and acts as a reservoir during breathing.

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Degradation and Recycling of Surfactant

The process by which tubular myelin is converted back into smaller surfactant aggregates, allowing for recycling and reuse.

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Surfactant Protein A (SP-A)

A protein that plays a crucial role in forming tubular myelin and maintaining surfactant stability.

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Alveolar Surfactant Storage Pool

The amount of surfactant stored in the alveoli at birth, which is significantly lower in preterm infants compared to full-term infants.

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20 Weeks Gestation

The stage at which lamellar bodies start appearing in the cytoplasm of type II alveolar cells.

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100 mg/kg of Surfactant

The estimated surfactant storage pool in full-term infants, which is significantly higher than preterm infants.

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What is surfactant?

A substance produced by type II pneumocytes in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. Surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing, ensuring proper gas exchange.

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What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?

A life-threatening respiratory disorder in newborn preterm babies caused by a deficiency of surfactant.

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How is surfactant recycled?

The process of surfactant being recycled back into type II pneumocytes. This allows for efficient use of surfactant within the alveoli.

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What does cortisol do for premature lungs?

A stress hormone that enhances surfactant production in premature lungs. It can be produced naturally during vaginal delivery, aiding in lung development.

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What is Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf) used for?

A type of synthetic pulmonary surfactant used to treat and prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature babies. It's a mixture of DPPC with other spreading agents.

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What is Beractant (Survanta)?

A type of pulmonary surfactant used to treat and prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It's extracted from minced cow lung.

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Study Notes

Lung Surfactant

  • Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins.
  • Surfactant is secreted by Type II pneumocytes.
  • Surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli.
  • Prevention of alveolar collapse.
  • Improved respiratory function.
  • Important for maintaining open alveoli.

Elastic Behavior of the Lungs

  • The lungs' elastic behavior is due to elastic connective tissue and alveolar surface tension.
  • During inspiration, the lungs expand.
  • During expiration, the lungs recoil.
  • Compliance is the lung's stretchability, or the change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure.
  • Low compliance indicates a stiff lung, unable to stretch easily.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis can reduce lung compliance.

Alveolar Cells

  • Type I pneumocytes cover most of the alveolar surface, involved in gas exchange.
  • Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant.
  • Important for the efficient functioning of the lungs.
  • Alveolar cells comprise two main types.

Elastic Recoil

  • Elastic recoil is the speed of lung rebound to its typical shape after stretch.
  • Pulmonary elastic behavior is dependent on two components: connective tissues in the lungs, alveolar surface tension.

Pulmonary Elastic Connective Tissues

  • Connective tissue in the lungs contains a lot of elastin, fibers surrounding the alveoli.
  • This tissue is responsible for the expansion and elastic recoil of the lungs.
  • Elastic recoil is necessary for effective breathing.

Pulmonary Alveoli

  • Alveoli are the endpoint of the respiratory system.
  • Alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Alveolar sac is made of alveoli structures.
  • Alveoli are responsible for the gas exchange.
  • Alveoli are characterized by the presence of a great deal of alveoli/lungs.

Surfactant

  • Surfactant is a substance that decreases surface tension.
  • Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins.
  • Surfactant is produced, stored, and secreted by Type II alveolar cells.
  • Surfactant lowers surface tension inside alveoli to prevent collapse.
  • Surfactant helps keep alveoli open for effective gas exchange.
  • Surfactant is essential for normal lung function.

Surfactant and Alveolar Surface Tension

  • Alveoli are lined with fluid causing opposing forces.
  • The attractive forces between water molecules cause tension.
  • Surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension by working with water molecules that line the alveoli
  • It increases pulmonary compliance, lowering the effort needed for lung inflation.
  • It prevents lung collapse, maintaining the open structure of alveoli.

Functions of Surfactant

  • Surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli, thus reducing the tendency of lungs to collapse after exhalation.
  • Surfactant stabilizes alveoli.
  • Provides defense against infection and inflammation via specific proteins.
  • Keeps lungs patent (open) and inflated after delivery after the first breath.
  • Surfactant increases pulmonary compliance, reducing the work of inflating the lungs.

Composition of Surfactant

  • Surfactant is a complex of phospholipids and proteins.
  •  The major phospholipid is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC).
  • Other phospholipids and proteins form part of the structure.
  • Surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D) play crucial roles.
  • Neutral lipids, such as cholesterol, are also present.

Nitric Oxide

  • NO is a gas with no cellular storage mechanism.
  • NO is the lowest molecular weight human cell product.
  • NO is synthesized from arginine by the enzyme NO synthases.

NO in Lungs

  • All three isoforms of NO synthases (nNOS, eNOS, iNOS) are expressed in various lung cells.
  • NO regulates several functions in the lung, including antiviral, antibacterial, bronchodilatory, vasodialator, and anti-inflammatory effects.

NO Gas Inhalation

  • NO inhalation can be therapeutic.
  • Results in decreased pulmonary artery pressure and improved perfusion of ventilated lung parts.

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Lung Surfactant and Elastic Behavior of the Lungs PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on lung compliance and the factors influencing elastic recoil in the lungs. This quiz covers key concepts such as conditions affecting lung function, the role of elastin fibers, and the behavior of the lungs during expiration.

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