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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements is NOT a type of incorrect answer when identifying the main point of a conclusion?
Which of the following statements is NOT a type of incorrect answer when identifying the main point of a conclusion?
The contrapositive of a conditional statement negates both the sufficient and necessary conditions.
The contrapositive of a conditional statement negates both the sufficient and necessary conditions.
True
In logic, what type of indicators signify a necessary condition?
In logic, what type of indicators signify a necessary condition?
Then, only, only if, most, required, unless, except, until, without
In a conditional statement, the terms 'If' and 'Then' denote the _____ and _____ conditions, respectively.
In a conditional statement, the terms 'If' and 'Then' denote the _____ and _____ conditions, respectively.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Which of the following words are classified as quantity indicators? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following words are classified as quantity indicators? (Select all that apply)
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Inference follows an argument while an assumption is taken for granted before an argument.
Inference follows an argument while an assumption is taken for granted before an argument.
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What is the primary objective when determining if an argument is strong or weak?
What is the primary objective when determining if an argument is strong or weak?
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The statements 'Always', 'Could', and 'Rarely' are examples of ________ indicators.
The statements 'Always', 'Could', and 'Rarely' are examples of ________ indicators.
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Match the following Question Stems with their corresponding families:
Match the following Question Stems with their corresponding families:
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Which of the following is NOT a primary objective when answering logical questions?
Which of the following is NOT a primary objective when answering logical questions?
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All five answer choices are always considered contenders.
All five answer choices are always considered contenders.
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List two of the thirteen logical question stems.
List two of the thirteen logical question stems.
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Which of the following is NOT a rule of strengthening?
Which of the following is NOT a rule of strengthening?
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Justifying the conclusion means that the reasoning must be 100% true.
Justifying the conclusion means that the reasoning must be 100% true.
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What is the primary objective when analyzing LSAT stimuli?
What is the primary objective when analyzing LSAT stimuli?
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What is the formula for justification?
What is the formula for justification?
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Order of presentation affects the logical structure of premises and conclusions.
Order of presentation affects the logical structure of premises and conclusions.
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The assumption will either eliminate __________ causes or validate cause and effect.
The assumption will either eliminate __________ causes or validate cause and effect.
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Match the following assumption answer quirks with their descriptions:
Match the following assumption answer quirks with their descriptions:
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Name one conclusion indicator.
Name one conclusion indicator.
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Premise indicators include words such as __________ to introduce a premise.
Premise indicators include words such as __________ to introduce a premise.
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Which of the following is a common wrong answer in strengthening questions?
Which of the following is a common wrong answer in strengthening questions?
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Match the following premise indicators with their examples:
Match the following premise indicators with their examples:
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Assumption questions never use 'if'.
Assumption questions never use 'if'.
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Which of the following is an indication of a counter premise?
Which of the following is an indication of a counter premise?
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What should you do to check your answer for assumptions?
What should you do to check your answer for assumptions?
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An additional premise is always essential to the conclusion.
An additional premise is always essential to the conclusion.
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Counter point indicators include words like __________ and __________.
Counter point indicators include words like __________ and __________.
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What is the contrapositive of the statement 'To graduate, you must be smart and resourceful'?
What is the contrapositive of the statement 'To graduate, you must be smart and resourceful'?
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To weaken a conditional statement, you should attack the sufficient condition.
To weaken a conditional statement, you should attack the sufficient condition.
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What are two common flaw types found in weakening questions?
What are two common flaw types found in weakening questions?
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The cause must _____ the effect happen.
The cause must _____ the effect happen.
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Match the following causal indicators with their meanings:
Match the following causal indicators with their meanings:
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Which of the following is NOT a way to attack causal relationships?
Which of the following is NOT a way to attack causal relationships?
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Strengthening a conclusion makes the argument any more true.
Strengthening a conclusion makes the argument any more true.
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What must be true in order for an assumption to hold?
What must be true in order for an assumption to hold?
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Which of the following describes a common type of reasoning error that assumes causation based on sequence of events?
Which of the following describes a common type of reasoning error that assumes causation based on sequence of events?
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A circular reasoning flaw occurs when the conclusion is not supported by the premises.
A circular reasoning flaw occurs when the conclusion is not supported by the premises.
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What type of reasoning error distorts or misinterprets an argument?
What type of reasoning error distorts or misinterprets an argument?
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Errors in use of evidence often involve a lack of _____ to justify beliefs.
Errors in use of evidence often involve a lack of _____ to justify beliefs.
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Match the following reasoning errors with their definitions:
Match the following reasoning errors with their definitions:
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Which reasoning error involves making broad generalizations based on limited evidence?
Which reasoning error involves making broad generalizations based on limited evidence?
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Mistaken negotiation is a type of circular reasoning error.
Mistaken negotiation is a type of circular reasoning error.
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What type of reasoning error involves assuming a cause-effect relationship due to the order of events?
What type of reasoning error involves assuming a cause-effect relationship due to the order of events?
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Study Notes
LSAT Stimuli Categories
- LSAT stimuli fall into two categories: arguments and sets of facts.
Primary Objective
- The primary objective is to determine if the stimulus is an argument or a set of facts.
- Students must determine if a conclusion is present.
Premise Indicators
- Because
- Since
- For example
- For the reason that
- In that
- Given that
- As indicated by
- Due to
- Owing to
- This is seen from
- We know this by/ because
Conclusion Indicators
- Thus
- Therefore
- Hence
- Consequently
- As a result
- So
- Accordingly
- Clearly
- Must be that
- Shows that
- Concludes
- Follows that
- For this reason
Additional Premises
- Sometimes, authors provide extra premises to support the argument, which may or may not be essential to the overall conclusion.
- Indicators include: furthermore, more over, besides, in addition, what's more.
Counter Premises
- Counterpoints can be compared and contrasted to minimize damage to the main point.
- Indicators for counterpoints include: but, yet, however, on the other hand, admittedly, although, in contrast, even though, still, whereas, after all, in spite of, despite.
Recognizing Conclusions Without Indicators
- Turning arguments into conversations can help identify conclusions.
Primary Objective #3
- Determine if the argument is strong or weak.
- Evaluate if the premise justifies the conclusion.
- Understand inferences (what follows from an argument) and assumptions (what's taken for granted in an argument).
Primary Objective #4
- Read closely and precisely understand the author's statements.
- Avoid generalizations.
- Use quantity indicators (e.g., all, every, most, many, some, several, few, only, not all, none).
Primary Objective #5
- Carefully read and identify the question stem.
- Avoid making assumptions about the meaning of certain words automatically linked to question types.
- Understand thirteen logical question stems (must be true/most supported, main point, point of issue, etc.).
Primary Objective #6
- Prephrase the answer to the question stem after reading it.
Primary Objective #7
- Always read all five answer choices.
Primary Objective #8
- Separate answer choices into contenders and losers.
Primary Objective #9
- If all answer choices seem like losers, return to the stimulus and re-evaluate.
Chapter 4: Must Be True
- Correct answers can always be proven by facts in the stimulus.
Chapter 5: Main Point
- Two incorrect answer types include statements that are true but not the main point and premises in the argument.
Chapter 6: Conditional Reasoning
- Contrapositive negates both sides and flips the arrow.
- Sufficient and necessary indicators.
Chapter 7: Weakening Questions
- Answers mostly weaken the conclusion; rarely the premise.
- Types of weakened questions: incomplete information, improper correlation, and out of scope.
Chapter 8: Cause and Effect Reasoning
- The cause must make the effect happen; the effect must be directly related to the cause.
- Look for indicator words like "caused by," "because of," and "responsible for".
Chapter 9: Strengthen and Justify
- Understand the argument structure and focus on the conclusions.
- Look for indicators that strengthen or justify.
Chapter 10: Resolved Paradox
- The correct answer proves a way both can happen. Do not disprove a side.
Chapter 11: Method of Reasoning
- Identify an event that does not happen.
Chapter 13: Flaw in Reasoning
- Identify common reasoning errors and concepts (e.g., uncertain use of terms, equivocals, source arguments, circular reasoning, conditional errors, mistake cause and effect, straw man).
Chapter 15: Numbers and Percentages
- Understanding misconceptions.
- Rules and tips that consider percentage and numeric information in reasoning.
Chapter 16: Evaluate Arguments
- Variance test uses opposing answers to determine if a statement is true.
Chapter 17: Cannot Be True
- Answers will not provide new information or new combinations of information.
Chapter 18: Point of Issue
- Determine facts to prove or disprove.
- Understand facts agreed on and facts unknown.
Chapter 19: Principles Questions
- Focus on applying principles and broader implications.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of the LSAT stimuli categories, focusing on distinguishing between arguments and sets of facts. You will learn to identify premise and conclusion indicators, as well as additional and counter premises. Prepare to enhance your critical thinking skills for the LSAT!
