Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the temperature when Floyd's fever reached its peak?

  • 40°C (104°F) (correct)
  • 38°C (100.4°F)
  • 42°C (107.6°F)
  • 37.5°C (99.5°F)

    • How long did it take for Floyd to start improving?

  • About 5 days
  • About 2 weeks (correct)
  • About 1 month
  • About 3 days

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of Streptococcal infections?

  • Mimic human proteins and cause an autoimmune reaction
  • Increase the risk of secondary infection by viral pathogens (correct)
  • Cause immunodeficiency
  • Result in opportunistic infection by the microbiome

    • Which viral infection of the respiratory tract is especially concerning for premature infants?

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of atypical pneumonia after attending a party with a large indoor water fountain?

    <p>Legionella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is caused by a dimorphic fungus and found mostly in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys?

    <p>Blastomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are fungal infections such as histoplasmosis found mostly in the United States?

    <p>Ohio and Mississippi river valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of fungal infections of the respiratory tract?

    <p>Associated with occupational and recreational activities in wooded areas along waterways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent clinical form of Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients?

    <p>Meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fungal infections acquired?

    <p>From the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory tract contains alveoli for gas exchange?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Viral sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mucociliary escalator system in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Secreting mucus and using cilia to remove foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of viruses causes influenza?

    <p>Orthomyxoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three proteins on which influenza's pathogenicity depends?

    <p>Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, and M2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influenza viruses undergo, leading to the emergence of new strains?

    <p>Antigenic shift and drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for influenza?

    <p>Intranasal and injected vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus causes COVID-19?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms can COVID-19 present?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms and severe cases with a cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes RSV disease?

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hemagglutinin in influenza viruses?

    <p>Binding to host cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of legionellosis?

    <p>Legionella pneumophila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is often associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes inhalation anthrax?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by a lack of a rigid cell wall in the causative bacterium?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection can manifest as latent, primary, or secondary disease?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is caused by a bacterium with 91 serotypes and a vaccine available?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by the formation of granulomas and caseous lesions?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is caused by a bacterium that can be transmitted via inhalation of contaminated water droplets?

    <p>Legionellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by a prodromal phase before potentially fatal symptoms develop?

    <p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is on the rise in developed nations and can become multidrug resistant?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is typically caused by viral or bacterial infections?

    <p>Acute bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by atypical pneumonias affecting multiple organ systems and causing gradual symptoms?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common diagnosis in sick children?

    <p>Acute otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of bacterial trapping in infants, leading to ear infections?

    <p>Short and horizontal Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species commonly cause acute otitis media in healthy children?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumonae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterial infection often accompanies middle ear infections in children and pneumonia in adults?

    <p>Bacterial sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) diagnosed?

    <p>Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is strep throat spread?

    <p>Direct person-to-person contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What autoimmune reactions can result from streptococcal infections?

    <p>Acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diphtheria diagnosed?

    <p>PCR testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces a thick, leather-like pseudomembrane in diphtheria vaccine?

    <p>Toxin produced by the bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is whooping cough acquired?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosolized droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory tract infection with its likely cause:

    <p>Atypical pneumonia = Mycoplasma pneumoniae Valley Fever = Coccidioides immitis Endemic mycoses = Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomycosis = Blastomyces dermatitidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fungal infection with its associated geographic location in the United States:

    <p>Valley Fever = Endemic in the United States Histoplasmosis = Ohio and Mississippi river valleys Blastomycosis = Ohio and Mississippi river valleys Cryptococcosis = Eastern United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fungal infection with its common clinical form in AIDS patients:

    <p>Valley Fever = Not prevalent in AIDS patients Histoplasmosis = Not prevalent in AIDS patients Blastomycosis = Not prevalent in AIDS patients Cryptococcosis = Meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infection with its especially concerning population:

    <p>Rhinovirus = Not especially concerning for any specific population Bordetella pertussis = Not especially concerning for any specific population Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) = Premature infants Otitis media = Not especially concerning for any specific population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections Overview

    • Whooping cough progresses through catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages with characteristic symptoms.
    • Pertussis toxin (PT) disrupts signaling pathways and can induce immunosuppression, leading to secondary infections.
    • Acute bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and is typically caused by viral or bacterial infections.
    • Community-acquired pneumonia can be typical or atypical, with atypical pneumonias affecting multiple organ systems and causing gradual symptoms.
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is common among the elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised individuals, with 91 serotypes and a vaccine available.
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia and lacks a rigid cell wall, leading to symptoms like headache, malaise, and a nonproductive cough.
    • Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionellosis, is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that contaminates various water sources and can be transmitted via inhalation of contaminated water droplets.
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia is often caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic, Gram-negative pathogen with numerous virulence factors.
    • Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is on the rise in developed nations and can become multidrug resistant, posing a risk especially to individuals with HIV.
    • Tuberculosis pathogenesis involves the formation of granulomas and caseous lesions, leading to calcified Ghon complexes and cavities in the lungs.
    • Tuberculosis can manifest as latent, primary, or secondary disease, with the latter being contagious and characterized by symptoms like coughing, fever, and weight loss.
    • Bacillus anthracis causes inhalation anthrax, with spores being inhaled and leading to a prodromal phase before potentially fatal symptoms develop.

    Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections: Key Points

    • Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis in sick children and can be caused by viruses, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria.
    • In infants, the Eustachian tube's short and horizontal path increases the likelihood of bacterial trapping, leading to ear infections.
    • Three bacterial species commonly cause AOM in healthy children: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, treated with antibiotics.
    • Bacterial sinusitis often accompanies middle ear infections in children and pneumonia in adults, causing symptoms like facial pain and nasal discharge, treated with antibiotics.
    • Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) causes pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis, and is diagnosed through culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing.
    • Streptococcal pharyngitis, or strep throat, is contagious and spread through person-to-person contact, with symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and a distinctive rash.
    • Streptococcal sequelae, like acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis, result from the immune response to streptococcal infections, causing autoimmune reactions.
    • Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, is diagnosed through PCR of dtx or antigenic testing of dtx gene product and treated with antibiotics and antitoxin.
    • Diphtheria vaccine is part of the DTaP series and produces a thick, leather-like pseudomembrane.
    • Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is highly contagious and acquired through inhalation of aerosolized droplets, with an incubation period of 7–21 days.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key points about whooping cough, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and more. Learn about the causative agents, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for these infections affecting the respiratory system.

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