Lower Respiratory Disorders Medications Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following actions is primarily associated with sympathomimetics?

  • Blocks muscarinic receptors
  • Inhibits acetylcholine release
  • Contracts bronchial smooth muscle
  • Stimulates beta2 adrenergic receptors (correct)

    • What is a common adverse effect of Albuterol?

  • Headaches (correct)
  • Insomnia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Nausea

    • Which condition is Salmeterol indicated for?

  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hypertension
  • Asthma (correct)

    • Before which action should Salmeterol be administered to ensure effectiveness?

    <p>Used at least 30 minutes before exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when using Salmeterol over time?

    <p>Glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action for leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Block the binding of leukotrienes to their receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific caution for using leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Patients with hepatic dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Montelukast is indicated for which of the following conditions?

    <p>Chronic allergic rhinitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should montelukast be administered in relation to meals?

    <p>1 hour before meals or 2 hours after (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ipratropium?

    <p>It antagonizes acetylcholine by inhibiting M3 receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of Ipratropium?

    <p>Dry mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is Ipratropium primarily used to treat?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Theophylline in patients?

    <p>Maintenance therapy in chronic stable asthma and COPD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using Xanthines?

    <p>Seizure disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with the use of Theophylline?

    <p>Headaches and irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of Ipratropium over other bronchodilator drugs?

    <p>Less adverse effects and longer duration of action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions may be treated if renal or other drugs have failed?

    <p>Bronchial relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common gastrointestinal side effects?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular effects may occur with this therapy?

    <p>Tachycardia and palpitations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested therapeutic level for the medication?

    <p>10-20 mcg/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does smoking have on medication metabolism?

    <p>Increases metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be avoided when taking this medication?

    <p>Caffeinated products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications may arise from rapid IV administration?

    <p>Flushing and dizziness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential effects on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Hyperglycemia conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a noted side effect of this medication?

    <p>Improved vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur if there is an increased requirement for the dosage?

    <p>Increased risk of adverse effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Albuterol Action

    Albuterol stimulates beta2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation.

    Albuterol Adverse Effects

    Albuterol can cause CNS effects like tremors, headaches, and restlessness, and CV effects like tachycardia and palpitations.

    Salmeterol Use

    Salmeterol is a long-acting bronchodilator, used for asthma and COPD prophylaxis, usually taken before exercise.

    Salmeterol Adverse Effect

    Salmeterol can cause hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

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    Anticholinergic Action

    Anticholinergics block muscarinic receptors, used to treat COPD.

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    Ipratropium action

    Ipratropium inhibits acetylcholine by blocking M3 receptors, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, and dilating bronchi.

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    Ipratropium uses

    Used in combination with albuterol to enhance effectiveness and duration of action, especially in chronic asthma and stable COPD.

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    Xanthines MOA

    Xanthines inhibit phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP. This leads to relaxed smooth muscle in the airways.

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    Xanthine example

    Aminophylline/Theophylline are examples of Xanthine drugs.

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    Xanthines uses

    Used for maintenance therapy, especially for stable asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).

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    Ipratropium side effects

    Potential side effects include dry mouth, dyspepsia, and urinary retention.

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    Xanthine side effects

    Potential side effects include irritability, headaches, and possible cardiac or seizure issues.

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    Betablocker toxicity

    Beta-blockers can cause severe bradycardia (slow heart rate) and potentially life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias if given with beta-adrenergic agonists.

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    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists action

    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (such as Montelukast) bind to leukotriene receptors, blocking the production of bronchoconstriction.

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    Montelukast use

    Montelukast is used in allergic rhinitis, exercise-induced asthma, and asthma maintenance therapy to suppress the effects of bronchoconstriction and other symptoms.

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    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists side effects

    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists can cause CNS side effects such as headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irritability, and depression. Gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and vomiting may also occur.

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    Montelukast administration

    Montelukast is administered orally (PO) and is often recommended 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals to maximize efficiency and avoid potential stomach upset.

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    PD Bronchodilation

    Relaxes smooth muscle in bronchi, bronchioles, and pulmonary blood vessels, easing breathing.

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    PD Administration Routes

    PD can be administered orally (PO) or intravenously (IV).

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    PD Therapeutic Level

    The optimal concentration range for PD is 10-20 mcg/mL in the blood.

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    PD Side Effects (GI)

    PD can cause anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and gastric pain.

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    PD Side Effects (CV)

    Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypotension are possible side effects.

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    Smoking and PD Metabolism

    Smoking accelerates the metabolism of PD, requiring dose adjustments.

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    PD Interactions with other medication

    Rapid IV administration of PD increases the risk of digoxin issues.

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    PD and Decreased Clotting

    PD can decrease blood clotting time.

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    Avoid Caffeinated Products with PD

    Avoid caffeinated products when taking PD, as it can affect its metabolism.

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    PD IV administration Caution

    PD administered intravenously should be done gently/slowly to avoid excessive hypotension and dizziness.

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    Study Notes

    Lower Respiratory Disorders - Medications

    • Sympathomimetic/Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists:

      • Albuterol: Stimulates beta2 receptors in lungs, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation. Used to treat asthma and prophylaxis.
      • Adverse effects: Tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, cardiac dysrhythmias, and anxiety.
      • Salmeterol: Long-acting bronchodilator, used for maintenance therapy in asthma/COPD.
      • Adverse effects: palpitations, tachycardia, headache, tremor, and hyperglycemia
      • Caution: Monitor glucose levels, especially with high-dose use. Use cautiously in patients with cardiac disease.

    • Anticholinergics:

      • Ipratropium: Blocks muscarinic receptors, inhibiting acetylcholine and relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, reducing bronchospasm. Commonly used in COPD.
      • Adverse effects: Headache, blurred vision, dry mouth, dyspepsia, and glaucoma.
      • Caution: Assess for allergy to soy or peanuts.

    • Xanthines:

      • Aminophylline: Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP levels and causing bronchodilation. Used for maintenance therapy in chronic stable asthma.
      • Adverse effects: CNS (irritability, headache, seizures), GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia), CV (tachycardia, palpitations, hypotension), and others.
      • Caution: Contraindicated in patients with known seizures, cardiac issues, or liver disease. Monitor serum drug levels.

    • Theophylline:

      • Action: Increases cAMP, leading to bronchodilation. Used for asthma and COPD.
      • Adverse effects: CNS, GI, CV, (e.g. restlessness, insomnia, dizziness, palpitations tachycardia.)
      • Therapeutic level: 10-20 mcg/mL.
      • Considerations: Monitor blood levels and avoid caffeine. Risk of digoxin toxicity increased if given IV.

    • Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists:

      • Montelukast: Inhibits leukotriene receptors, reducing bronchospasm and inflammation. Used to treat asthma and allergies.
      • Adverse effects: headache, dizziness, insomnia, and gastrointestinal issues.
      • Caution: Not for acute asthma attacks.

    • Inhaled Steroids:

      • Budesonide: Inhaled corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation and improve breathing. Used in asthma, especially for prevention.
      • Adverse effects: Headache, dizziness, and local irritation.

    General Considerations

    • Medication use should follow physician recommendations.
    • Monitoring patient responses to medications is essential.
    • Patients should be educated about potential adverse effects and associated cautions.

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    Related Documents

    Lower Respiratory Drugs KEY (2) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key medications used to treat lower respiratory disorders, including sympathomimetic agents like Albuterol and long-acting bronchodilators such as Salmeterol. It also explores anticholinergic drugs like Ipratropium, their mechanisms, adverse effects, and cautions. Test your knowledge on these critical medications and their role in managing conditions like asthma and COPD.

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