Lower Limb Bones Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

Which bone is the largest and weight-bearing in the leg?

Tibia (correct)

Metatarsal

Fibula

Phalanges

Which joint does the tibia articulate with?

Hip joint

Ankle joint

Shoulder joint

Knee joint (correct)

What is the primary function of the foot and ankle during movement?

To act as a lever to thrust the body forward (correct)

To provide stability during movement

To flex the body during walking

To absorb shock during running

What type of forces does the tibia resist?

Compressive forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the foot in relation to the leg?

At right angles Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint connects the tibia and fibula?

Interosseous joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of shortening of the limb on the medial rotators?

They are made ineffective. Signup and view all the answers

What type of hip fractures have a better healing outcome?

Extracapsular fractures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why females are more prone to hip fractures than males?

Greater incidence of osteoporosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of interrupting the blood supply to the head of the femur?

The head will die within 6 hours. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?

Loss of oestrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of patient who experiences a hip fracture?

Elderly female. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a fall on the elderly?

It can be both the cause and the result of a hip fracture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the angle of inclination in hip fracture?

It makes the femoral neck more prone to stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which bursa is in continuity with the hip joint cavity?

Iliopsoas bursa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the femur's shaft being pushed laterally away from the joint proximally?

To facilitate a wide range of movement of the hip joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of iliopsoas bursitis?

Overactive flexion of the hip Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of inclination of the femur's neck in males?

126 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an angle of inclination above 130 degrees?

Coxa valga Signup and view all the answers

Which bursa is situated between the hamstring tendons and the ischial tuberosity?

Ischial bursa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of trochanteric bursitis?

Lateral hip pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical axis of the femur?

The line drawn down through the shaft of the femur Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger the development of bursitis?

Repetitive movements, such as playing golf, walking, or doing the gardening Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the angle of inclination in the elderly?

It decreases below 120 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the iliopsoas bursa?

Between the capsule of the hip joint and the iliopsoas tendon Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanical axis of the femur?

The line drawn from the hip to the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a right angle (90 degrees) in the angle of inclination?

It is less stable and more prone to breaking Signup and view all the answers

Which bursa is situated between the greater trochanter and the gluteus maximus muscle?

Trochanteric bursa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ischial bursitis?

Excessive walking or running Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical angle of inclination in newborns?

160 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for which the condition mentioned in the first paragraph commonly occurs?

Between 10 and 16 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for the condition described in the first paragraph?

To relieve the stress on the femoral head by applying traction to the joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of hip replacement operations performed every year?

800,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of females to males undergoing hip replacement operations?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for developing osteoarthritis of the hip in young individuals?

Previous trauma to the joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the destruction of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis?

Loss of joint-space Signup and view all the answers

What are the bony spurs that develop around the margins of the joint in osteoarthritis?

Osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that causes pain around the hip, in addition to osteoarthritis?

Bursitis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bones of the Lower Limb

The distal part of the limb consists of the tibia and fibula, with the tibia being the largest and weight-bearing bone.
The tibia articulates with the knee joint, while the fibula is excluded from the knee joint but participates in the ankle joint.
The leg bones are held together by joints at both ends and an interosseous membrane.
The foot is held at right angles to the leg and contains the tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges.
In standing, weight is transmitted from the ankle joint posteriorly via the tarsal bones to the heads of the metatarsals.

Femur

The shaft of the femur is pushed laterally away from the joint, and its long neck keeps the shaft well away from the joint.
The angle of the line drawn down through the shaft is the anatomical axis of the femur, which differs between sexes and ages.
The neck is angled upwards between 120-130 degrees relative to the shaft, termed the angle of inclination.
The angle of inclination varies with age, with new-borns having an angle of approximately 160 degrees, decreasing to 125 degrees in adulthood.

Hip Fracture

Hip fractures can occur at the intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric, transcervical, or subcapital regions, with different outcomes.
Fractures in the elderly are more likely to have been caused by the fall, and females are more prone to hip fractures due to a reduced angle of inclination and osteoporosis.

Blood Supply of the Hip Joint

Avascular necrosis occurs when the blood supply to the head of the femur is interrupted, leading to the death of the head within 6 hours.
Hip dislocation is a clinical emergency, and treatment involves relieving stress on the femoral head by applying traction to the joint.

Osteoarthritis of the Hip

Osteoarthritis of the hip is a common condition worldwide, with approximately 800,000 hip replacement operations performed every year.
It is more common in patients over 60, with females outnumbering males by a ratio of 3:1.
Osteoarthritis involves destruction of the articular cartilage, with resultant loss of the joint-space, and may lead to bony spurs around the joint margins.

Hip Bursitis

Hip bursitis occurs when the bursae around the hip joint become inflamed, causing pain.
There are three main bursae: trochanteric bursa, ischial bursa, and iliopsoas bursa.
Each bursa can become inflamed due to repetitive movements, athletic activity, or inflammatory conditions.

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Description

Learn about the bones of the lower limb, including the tibia and fibula, their functions, and how they interact with each other at the knee and ankle joints.