Bones of the Lower Limb

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the ridge that connects the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur?

intertrochanteric line

What is the name of the bone that is located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

patella

What is the longest bone in the human body, and what are its key features?

The femur (thigh bone) is the longest bone in the body, and its key features include a nearly spherical head that articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum, a neck, and a shaft.

What is the name of the elevated, midline ridge on the posterior surface of the femur where many thigh muscles attach?

linea aspera Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fovea capitis in the femur?

The fovea capitis is a small depression within the head of the femur where a small ligament connects the head of the femur to the acetabulum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the smooth, oval articulating surfaces on the distal, inferior surface of the femur?

medial and lateral condyles Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the medial angling of the femur?

The medial angling of the femur brings the knees closer to the midline of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the patella articulate with the femur?

patellar surface Signup and view all the answers

What are the rough processes on the femur that serve as attachment sites for powerful muscles?

The greater and lesser trochanters are the rough processes on the femur that serve as attachment sites for powerful gluteal and thigh muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the prominent ridge that separates the condyles of the tibia?

intercondylar eminence Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are present in each lower limb?

There are 30 bones present in each lower limb. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the membrane that connects the tibia and fibula?

interosseous membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patella (kneecap)?

The patella is not explicitly described as having a specific function in the provided content. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patella?

to allow the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle to glide more smoothly Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical region where the femur is located?

The femur is located in the femoral region. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone of the leg (crural region) is the weight-bearing bone?

tibia Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the surface on the femur where the patella articulates?

The patellar surface is the surface on the femur where the patella articulates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the rough, raised projection on the distal, posterior surface of the femur?

adductor tubercle Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fibular articular facet located on the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia?

Fibular articular facet Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the prominent process that forms on the medial border of the tibia?

Medial malleolus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibula?

Provides lateral stability to the ankle joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tibia?

To bear weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest tarsal bone that forms the heel?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia?

Talus Signup and view all the answers

What are the three bones that form the proximal row of tarsal bones?

Talus, calcaneus, and navicular bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tendon that attaches to the calcaneus?

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Signup and view all the answers

What are the three cuneiform bones that articulate with and are positioned anterior to the navicular bone?

Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that articulates with the lateral cuneiform and calcaneus?

Cuboid bone Signup and view all the answers

How do the bones of the foot arches contribute to maintaining their shape?

The bones are shaped to interlock and support their weight in an arch. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ligaments and muscles in relation to the foot arches?

To help maintain the shape of each arch. Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of having an arched foot over a flat foot?

Not specified in the text, but it is implied that an arched foot is preferable. Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?

The calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals IV and V. Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the transverse arch in relation to the longitudinal arches?

Perpendicular. Signup and view all the answers

What bones form the transverse arch?

The distal row of tarsals and the bases of all five metatarsals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bones similar in arrangement and name to the metacarpal bones of the hand?

Metatarsals Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in the great toe?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the arch that extends from the heel to the great toe?

Medial longitudinal arch Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where the medial longitudinal arch is flattened so that the entire sole touches the ground?

Pes planus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the deformity where the feet are permanently inverted and the ankles are plantar flexed?

Talipes equinovarus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tiny bones found at the head of the first metatarsal?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint where a bunion typically occurs?

First metatarsophalangeal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition characterized by excessively high longitudinal arches?

Pes cavus Signup and view all the answers

How many tarsal bones are present in the foot?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the injury that occurs when repetitive pressure or stress on the foot causes a small crack to develop in the outer surface of a metatarsal?

Metatarsal stress fracture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Lower Limb

The lower limb consists of the thigh, leg, and foot, which enables the body to support itself during bipedal walking and running
Each lower limb contains 30 bones

Femur and Patella

The femur (thigh bone) is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body
Key features of the femur:
- Head articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum
- Fovea (depression) within the head connects to the acetabulum with a small ligament
- Neck joins the shaft at an angle, resulting in a medial angling of the femur
- Greater and lesser trochanters are rough processes that serve as attachment sites for powerful gluteal and thigh muscles
- Intertrochanteric line connects the two trochanters and marks the distal edge of the hip joint capsule
- Pectineal line and gluteal tuberosity mark the attachment of the pectineus muscle and gluteus maximus muscle, respectively
The patella (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
The patella articulates with the femur at the patellar surface

Tibia and Fibula

The tibia (shinbone) is the medially placed bone and the only weight-bearing bone of the leg
Key features of the tibia:
- Broad, superior head has two flat surfaces (medial and lateral condyles) that articulate with the femur
- Intercondylar eminence separates the condyles
- Fibular articular facet on the proximal posterolateral side articulates with the head of the fibula
- Tibial tuberosity marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament
- Medial malleolus is a prominent process on the distal medial border
- Fibular notch on the distal posterolateral side articulates with the fibula
The fibula is a long, thin, lateral bone that does not bear weight
Key features of the fibula:
- Rounded, knoblike head is slightly inferior and posterior to the lateral condyle of the tibia
- Neck and shaft follow the head
- Lateral malleolus is a prominent process on the distal lateral border

Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

The bones of the ankle and foot are the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
The seven tarsal bones are similar to the eight carpal bones of the wrist
Key tarsal bones:
- Talus articulates with the tibia
- Calcaneus forms the heel
- Navicular bone is on the medial side of the ankle
- Cuneiform bones and cuboid bone articulate with the navicular and calcaneus
The five metatarsal bones form the arched sole of the foot
The phalanges (toe bones) are similar to the phalanges of the fingers and pollex
Each toe has 3 phalanges, except for the great toe (hallux), which has 2

Arches of the Foot

The three arches of the foot are the medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches
The medial longitudinal arch is the highest and extends from the heel to the great toe
The lateral longitudinal arch is lower and extends between the little toe and the heel
The transverse arch runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches and is formed from the distal row of tarsals and the bases of all five metatarsals

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Description

Learn about the bones that make up the lower limb, including the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and tarsal bones.