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What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius muscle?
Where is the insertion of the gluteus minimus muscle?
What is the function of the piriformis muscle?
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The obturator internus muscle is primarily innervated by which nerve?
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Which muscle is responsible for abducting the thigh and stabilizing the pelvis in the coronal plane?
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The tensor fasciae latae muscle contributes to which actions?
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What is the primary action of the quadratus femoris muscle?
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What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps femoris group?
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Which structures are found in the femoral triangle from medial to lateral?
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The adductor longus muscle is primarily responsible for which of the following actions?
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What is the primary function of the obturator externus muscle?
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What is the origin of the rectus femoris muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the long head of the biceps femoris muscle?
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Which muscle is involved in flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh?
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What is the insertion point of the semimembranosus muscle?
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The adductor canal contains which of the following structures?
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Which nerve innervates the vastus lateralis muscle?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
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What is the origin of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for the extension of the toe?
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What is the primary function of the tibialis anterior muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is located in the lateral compartment of the leg?
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What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
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Which muscle primarily originates from the linea aspera?
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What nerve innervates the adductor longus muscle?
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Which of the following pairs correctly matches the muscle with its function?
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What structure is located at the base of the femoral triangle?
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Which of the following muscles is responsible for flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh?
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In which region does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
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The vastus medialis muscle is primarily involved in which action?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh when it is extended?
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Which muscle group is primarily responsible for stabilizing the pelvis in the coronal plane during hip abduction?
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What is the primary action of the iliopsoas muscle group?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the gluteus maximus muscle?
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Which of the following muscles does NOT assist in lateral rotation of the thigh?
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Which of the following muscles is the longest in the human body?
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What is the origin of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the obturator internus muscle?
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What is the main function of the obturator externus muscle?
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Which muscle has its origin at the Tuber ischiadicum?
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What nerve innervates the long head of the biceps femoris muscle?
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Which action does the semimembranosus muscle primarily perform?
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Which muscle is located in the posterior compartment of the leg?
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What is the function of the tibialis anterior muscle?
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The Pes anserinus is formed by the insertion of which muscles?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the peroneus longus muscle?
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Study Notes
### Lower Extremity Muscles
- Fascia Glutea covers the gluteal region
- Fascia Lata covers the thigh
-
Gluteal Muscles
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Gluteus Maximus:
- Origin: Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
- Insertion: Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur
- Action: Thigh extension, lateral rotation
- Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve
-
Gluteus Medius:
- Origin: Ilium (anterior and posterior gluteal lines)
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
-
Gluteus Minimus:
- Origin: Ilium (anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Hip abduction, medial rotation
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
-
Piriformis:
- Origin: Sacrum
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh when extended. Adducts thigh when flexed. Supports femoral head.
-
Obturator Internus:
- Origin: Inner surface of obturator membrane
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh when extended. Adducts thigh when flexed. Supports femoral head.
- Innervation: Obturator nerve
-
Gemelli Superior & Inferior:
- Origin: Ischial spine (superior) and ischial tuberosity (inferior)
- Insertion: Greater trochanter (superior & inferior)
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh when extended. Adducts thigh when flexed. Supports femoral head.
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Quadratus Femoris:
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh when extended. Adducts thigh when flexed. Supports femoral head.
-
Obturator Externus:
- Origin: Obturator membrane
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh, supports hip joint
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
-
Gluteus Maximus:
- Trendelenburg Sign: Signifies weakness of the gluteus medius muscle. This happens when the pelvis drops on the opposite side of the weak muscle when standing on the opposite side of the weak muscle.
- Sciatic Nerve: Located under the piriformis muscle, which can potentially entrap the nerve.
-
Femoral Triangle Location & Contents:
- Superior: Inguinal ligament
- Lateral: Sartorius muscle
- Medial: Adductor longus muscle
- Base: Iliopsoas, pectineus, and adductor longus muscles
- Roof: Skin and fascia
- Structures: V.Femoralis, A.Femoralis, N.Femoralis (Medial to Lateral).
-
Adductor Canal: Formed by:
- Anterior/Lateral Wall: Vastus medialis
- Posterior Wall: Adductor longus
- Superior Wall: Sartorius-vasto adductor membrane
- Contents: Femoral artery, vein, lymphatic vessels, saphenous nerve.
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Femoral Artery: After passing through the adductor canal becomes the popliteal artery
- The deep femoral artery originates as a branch of the femoral artery.
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Muscles of the Thigh (Anterior Compartment)
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Iliopsoas:
- Consists of: Iliacus and psoas major
- Origin: Iliac crest (iliacus) and lumbar vertebrae (psoas major)
- Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
- Action: Hip flexion
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
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Psoas Minor:
- Origin: Bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae
- Insertion: Iliac fascia
- Action: Flexes and laterally rotates the lumbar spine
- Innervation: Psoas major nerve
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Tensor Fasciae Latae:
- Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
- Insertion: Iliotibial tract
- Action: Abducts and medially rotates thigh, assists with knee flexion. Tenses iliotibial tract
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
-
Sartorius:
- Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
- Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
- Action: Abducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh. Flexes and medially rotates leg (the longest muscle in the body)
- Innervation: Femoral nerve
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Quadriceps Femoris: Consists of:
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Rectus Femoris:
- Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and iliofemoral capsule
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
- Action: Extends leg, flexes thigh
- Innervation: Femoral nerve
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Vastus Lateralis:
- Origin: Linea aspera
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
- Action: Extends leg
- Innervation: Femoral nerve
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Vastus Medialis:
- Origin: Linea aspera
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
- Action: Extends leg
- Innervation: Femoral nerve
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Vastus Intermedius:
- Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera
- Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
- Action: Extends leg
- Innervation: Femoral nerve
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Rectus Femoris:
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Iliopsoas:
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Muscles of the Thigh (Medial Compartment):
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Pectineus:
- Origin: Superior ramus of pubis
- Insertion: Pectineal line
- Action: Flexes and laterally rotates thigh
- Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
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Adductor Longus:
- Origin: Body of pubis
- Insertion: Linea aspera
- Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
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Adductor Brevis:
- Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis
- Insertion: Linea aspera
- Action: Adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
-
Adductor Magnus:
- Origin: Ischial and pubic rami
- Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
- Action: Adducts, flexes, and extends thigh
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4), tibial nerve (L4, S1)
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Gracilis:
- Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis and ischial ramus
- Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
- Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint, flexes leg at knee joint
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
-
Obturator Externus:
- Origin: Obturator membrane
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
- Action: Laterally rotates thigh, supports hip joint
- Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
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Pectineus:
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Muscles of the Thigh (Posterior Compartment):
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Biceps Femoris:
- Origin: Long head: Ischial tuberosity. Short head: Linea aspera
- Insertion: Head of fibula
- Action: Extends thigh, flexes leg, laterally rotates leg
- Innervation: Long head: Tibial nerve; Short head: Common peroneal nerve
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Semitendinosus:
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
- Action: Extends thigh, flexes leg
- Innervation: Tibial nerve
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Semimembranosus:
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia
- Action: Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
- Innervation: Tibial nerve
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Biceps Femoris:
- Pes Anserine ("Goose's Foot"): Common insertion for the Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles.
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Leg Muscles:
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Anterior Compartment:
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Tibialis Anterior:
- Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and proximal shaft of tibia.
- Insertion: Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
- Action: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot, supports the medial longitudinal arch
- Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
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Extensor Digitorum Longus:
- Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and fibula
- Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
- Action: Dorsiflexion of the foot, extends toes 2-5
- Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
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Extensor Hallucis Longus:
- Origin: Fibula
- Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe
- Action: Dorsiflexion of the foot, extends the great toe
- Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
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Tibialis Anterior:
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Lateral Compartment:
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Peroneus Longus:
- Origin: Head and superior shaft of fibula
- Insertion: Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
- Action: Everts and plantar flexes the foot, supports the lateral longitudinal arch
- Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
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Peroneus Brevis:
- Origin: Inferior shaft of fibula
- Insertion: 5th metatarsal
- Action: Everts and plantar flexes the foot, supports the lateral longitudinal arch.
- Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
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Peroneus Longus:
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Posterior Compartment:
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Gastrocnemius:
- Origin: Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur
- Insertion: Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon
- Action: Plantar flexes the foot, flexes the knee
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
-
Soleus:
- Origin: Head of fibula and soleal line of tibia
- Insertion: Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon
- Action: Plantar flexes the foot
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
-
Plantaris:
- Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
- Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
- Action: Plantar flexes foot, assists in knee flexion
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
-
Popliteus:
- Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
- Insertion: Posterior aspect of tibia
- Action: Flexes and medially rotates the leg, unlocks the knee joint.
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5, S1)
-
Flexor Digitorum Longus:
- Origin: Posterior aspect of tibia
- Insertion: Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
- Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes toes 2-5
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
-
Flexor Hallucis Longus:
- Origin: Fibula
- Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe
- Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes the great toe
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
-
Tibialis Posterior:
- Origin: Posterior aspect of tibia and fibula
- Insertion: Navicular, cuneiform, and metatarsals
- Action: Plantar flexes and inverts the foot, supports the medial longitudinal arch.
- Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
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Gastrocnemius:
-
Anterior Compartment:
Lower Extremity Muscles
- Fascia Glutea: A layer of connective tissue that covers the gluteal muscles.
- Fascia Lata: A layer of connective tissue that covers the thigh muscles.
Gluteal Muscles
- Gluteus Maximus: Powerful muscle that extends the thigh and laterally rotates it; attaches to the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and inserts on the femur.
- Gluteus Medius: Abducts the thigh and medially rotates it; attaches to the ilium and inserts on the femur.
- Gluteus Minimus: Abducts the thigh and medially rotates it; attaches to the ilium and inserts on the femur.
- Piriformis: Laterally rotates the thigh when extended and adducts it when flexed; also supports the head of the femur; attaches to the sacrum and inserts on the femur.
- Obturator Internus: Laterally rotates the thigh; attaches to the obturator membrane and inserts on the femur.
- Gemelli Superior and Inferior: Assist the obturator internus to laterally rotate the thigh; attach to the ischial spine and insert on the femur.
- Quadratus Femoris: Laterally rotates the thigh; attaches to the ischium and inserts on the femur.
Trendelenburg Sign
- Used to assess function of the gluteus medius muscle; if the muscle is weak, the pelvis will drop on the opposite side when the person stands on one leg.
Muscles of the Thigh
-
Anterior Compartment:
- Iliopsoas: Flexes the thigh; comprised of the iliacus and psoas major muscles.
- Psoas Minor: Involved in flexing the lumbar spine; may not be present in all individuals.
- Tensor Fasciae Latae: Abducts the thigh, medially rotates the thigh, tenses the iliotibial tract; attaches to the ilium and inserts on the iliotibial tract.
- Sartorius: Longest muscle in the body; flexes and laterally rotates the thigh, flexes and medially rotates the leg, and abducts the thigh; attaches to the ilium and inserts on the tibia.
-
Quadriceps Femoris: Extends the leg; comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius muscles.
- Rectus Femoris: Flexes the thigh and extends the leg; attaches to the ilium and inserts on the tibia.
- Vastus Lateralis: Extends the leg; attaches to the femur and inserts on the tibia.
- Vastus Medialis: Extends the leg; attaches to the femur and inserts on the tibia.
- Vastus Intermedius: Extends the leg; attaches to the femur and inserts on the tibia.
Femoral Triangle
- Located in the anterior thigh; defined by the inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus muscles.
- Structures within it include:
- Femoral Artery: Major blood vessel supplying the lower limb.
- Femoral Vein: Drains blood from the lower limb.
- Femoral Nerve: Innervates muscles in the anterior thigh.
Adductor Canal
- Located in the medial thigh; defined by the vastus medialis, adductor longus muscles, and the sartorius-vasto adductor membrane.
- Structures within it include:
- Femoral Artery: Continues as the popliteal artery.
- Femoral Vein: Drains blood from the lower limb.
- Saphenous Nerve: Sensory nerve for the medial leg.
Muscles of the Thigh (medial compartment)
- Pectineus: Flexes the thigh and laterally rotates it; attaches to the pubic bone and inserts on the femur.
- Adductor Longus: Adducts the thigh and laterally rotates it; attaches to the pubic bone and inserts on the femur.
- Adductor Brevis: Adducts the thigh and laterally rotates it; attaches to the pubic bone and inserts on the femur.
- Adductor Magnus: Powerful adductor of the thigh; attaches to the pubic bone and ischium, and inserts on the femur.
- Gracilis: Flexes the thigh and leg; attaches to the pubic bone and inserts on the tibia.
- Obturator Externus: Laterally rotates the thigh and supports the hip joint; attaches to the obturator membrane and inserts on the femur.
Muscles of the Thigh (posterior compartment)
- Biceps Femoris: Flexes the leg and laterally rotates it; two heads: long head (attaches to the ischium and inserts on the fibula) and short head (attaches to the femur and inserts on the fibula).
- Semitendinosus: Extends the thigh and flexes the leg; attaches to the ischium and inserts on the tibia.
- Semimembranosus: Extends the thigh and medially rotates the leg; attaches to the ischium and inserts on the tibia.
Pes Anserinus
- Located in the medial part of the knee; the common insertion point for the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles.
Sciatic Nerve
- Major nerve of the lower limb supplying the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh.
- Divides into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve.
Muscles of the Leg (Crus)
-
Anterior Compartment:
- Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot; attaches to the tibia and inserts on the tarsal bones.
- Extensor Digitorum Longus: Dorsiflexes the foot and extends the toes; attaches to the tibia and inserts on the toes.
- Extensor Hallucis Longus: Extends the big toe; attaches to the fibula and inserts on the big toe.
Posterior Compartment
- Gastrocnemius: Flexes the leg and plantarflexes the foot; attaches to the femur and inserts on the heel.
- Soleus: Plantarflexes the foot; attaches to the tibia and fibula and inserts on the heel.
- Plantaris: Flexes the leg and plantarflexes the foot (may be absent in some individuals); attaches to the femur and inserts on the heel.
- Popliteus: Flexes and rotates the leg; attaches to the femur and inserts on the tibia.
- Flexor Digitorum Longus: Flexes the toes and plantarflexes the foot; attaches to the tibia and inserts on the toes.
- Flexor Hallucis Longus: Flexes the big toe and plantarflexes the foot; attaches to the fibula and inserts on the big toe.
- Tibialis Posterior: Plantarflexes and inverts the foot; attaches to the tibia and fibula and inserts on the tarsal bones.
Lateral Compartment
- Peroneus Longus: Evert the foot; attaches to the fibula and inserts on the tarsal bones.
- Peroneus Brevis: Evert the foot; attaches to the fibula and inserts on the tarsal bones.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of lower extremity muscles, particularly focusing on the gluteal region and associated fascia. Explore the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of key muscles including the Gluteus Maximus, Medius, and Minimus, as well as the Piriformis. Test your knowledge on these critical components of human anatomy.
