Long-Term Memory: Formation and Classification

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What is the primary characteristic of Long-term Memory?

It is an aspect of our memory system where information can be stored for long periods of time (correct)

It is an aspect of our memory system where information can be stored for short periods of time

It is responsible for storing implicit memories

It has a limited storage capacity

What was the outcome of the surgery performed on Patient H.M. in 1953?

His seizures worsened and he was unable to form new memories

He was no longer able to form new explicit long-term memories (correct)

He was able to form new implicit long-term memories

He was able to form new explicit long-term memories

What is the name of the neurosurgeon who performed the surgery on Patient H.M. in 1953?

W.B.Scoville (correct)

Henry Gustav Molaison

H.M.'s primary care physician

Mariana V.C.Couttinho

Where did Patient H.M. live after the surgery?

A care institute in Connecticut, United States Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Patient H.M.'s case in the study of memory?

It played an important role in the development of theories of memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical brain structure for the formation of long-term memories?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of nondeclarative/implicit memory?

Stored information that we do not have conscious access Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the memory of how to perform a skill, such as riding a bicycle?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which we associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the patient who learned to perform new tasks despite being unable to recollect learning them?

H.M. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of memory that involves stored information that influences our behavior?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

How are procedural memories typically formed?

Through practice and repetition Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory allows us to recall specific events and experiences from our past?

Episodic Memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory?

Episodic Memory stores personal experiences, while Semantic Memory stores general knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a spatial context in Episodic Memory?

Meeting a friend at a coffee shop Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the class exercise described in the text?

To illustrate the importance of Episodic Memory in everyday life Signup and view all the answers

What is the answer to the question 'Do people get better on a skill with practice?'

Yes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between practice and learning, according to the text?

Practice improves learning, even if it's not recalled Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory?

Unlimited storage capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory system includes memories that are not consciously accessible?

Non-declarative memory system Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for memories of personal experiences or episodes occurring in a given place and at a specific time?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main systems of long-term memory, according to cognitive psychologists?

Declarative and non-declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is responsible for storing knowledge of social rules and general knowledge?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by memories that are available to conscious awareness and can be talked about?

Declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial storage site of long-term memories in the brain?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of consolidating memories, according to the text?

Transforming memory representations into a more stable state Signup and view all the answers

What happens to memories over time, according to the text?

They become more resilient to forgetting Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation?

To initially store memories for long-term retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the consolidation process, as described in the text?

Memories become stronger and more resilient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary division of the Serial Position Effect?

Recency and Primacy Effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the Primacy Effect occurs?

Because the items in the beginning of the list received more attention and were rehearsed more Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the Recency Effect occurs?

Because the items at the end of the list were recently placed in short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to remember the early part of the list than the middle part?

Primacy Effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to remember the last items on the list better than the middle items?

Recency Effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the Serial Position Effect a phenomenon of?

Memory for lists of items Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary phenomenon observed in the serial position effect?

Items at the beginning and end of the list are more likely to be remembered Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the serial position effect?

The order of items in the list affects the probability of recalling an item Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the recall memory test in the class exercise?

To test the students' ability to recall a list of words Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of items at the beginning and end of the list in the serial position effect?

They are more likely to be remembered Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the serial position effect on memory retrieval?

It affects the accuracy of our retrieval and the order of the items Signup and view all the answers

What is the serial position effect also known as?

Primacy and Recency Effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the lecture today?

To learn about the measurement of long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the task of the students in the first test?

To study a list of words and recall them later Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the filler trial in the first test?

To provide a break between the encoding and test phases Signup and view all the answers

How many words are presented to the students in the encoding phase of the first test?

12 words Signup and view all the answers

What is the instruction given to the students in the test phase of the first test?

To write down as many words as they can remember Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between explicit and implicit memory tests?

Explicit memory tests require conscious recall, while implicit memory tests do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the encoding phase in a memory test?

To present stimuli to be remembered to participants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the retrieval phase in a memory test?

Asking participants to recall or recognize previously studied information Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between free recall and cue recall in a memory test?

Free recall does not provide any hint, while cue recall provides a hint to aid memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a recall test in a memory test?

To test the participants' ability to recall previously studied information Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a stimulus that can be presented during the encoding phase of a memory test?

A list of words Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the encoding phase and the retrieval phase in a memory test?

The encoding phase is when stimuli are presented, while the retrieval phase is when information is retrieved Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a recall test and a recognition test?

The method of generating versus identifying information Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is being described when the test requires generating the information previously studied?

Recall test Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a recognition test?

To identify the information previously studied Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a recall test?

Generating the information from a previous study Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of test that involves generating the information previously studied?