Long-Term Memory: Formation and Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Long-term Memory?

  • It is an aspect of our memory system where information can be stored for long periods of time (correct)
  • It is an aspect of our memory system where information can be stored for short periods of time
  • It is responsible for storing implicit memories
  • It has a limited storage capacity

What was the outcome of the surgery performed on Patient H.M. in 1953?

  • His seizures worsened and he was unable to form new memories
  • He was no longer able to form new explicit long-term memories (correct)
  • He was able to form new implicit long-term memories
  • He was able to form new explicit long-term memories

What is the name of the neurosurgeon who performed the surgery on Patient H.M. in 1953?

  • W.B.Scoville (correct)
  • Henry Gustav Molaison
  • H.M.'s primary care physician
  • Mariana V.C.Couttinho

Where did Patient H.M. live after the surgery?

<p>A care institute in Connecticut, United States (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Patient H.M.'s case in the study of memory?

<p>It played an important role in the development of theories of memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical brain structure for the formation of long-term memories?

<p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of nondeclarative/implicit memory?

<p>Stored information that we do not have conscious access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the memory of how to perform a skill, such as riding a bicycle?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which we associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response?

<p>Classical conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the patient who learned to perform new tasks despite being unable to recollect learning them?

<p>H.M. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of memory that involves stored information that influences our behavior?

<p>Implicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are procedural memories typically formed?

<p>Through practice and repetition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory allows us to recall specific events and experiences from our past?

<p>Episodic Memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory?

<p>Episodic Memory stores personal experiences, while Semantic Memory stores general knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a spatial context in Episodic Memory?

<p>Meeting a friend at a coffee shop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the class exercise described in the text?

<p>To illustrate the importance of Episodic Memory in everyday life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the answer to the question 'Do people get better on a skill with practice?'

<p>Yes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between practice and learning, according to the text?

<p>Practice improves learning, even if it's not recalled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory?

<p>Unlimited storage capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory system includes memories that are not consciously accessible?

<p>Non-declarative memory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for memories of personal experiences or episodes occurring in a given place and at a specific time?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main systems of long-term memory, according to cognitive psychologists?

<p>Declarative and non-declarative memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is responsible for storing knowledge of social rules and general knowledge?

<p>Semantic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by memories that are available to conscious awareness and can be talked about?

<p>Declarative memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial storage site of long-term memories in the brain?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of consolidating memories, according to the text?

<p>Transforming memory representations into a more stable state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to memories over time, according to the text?

<p>They become more resilient to forgetting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation?

<p>To initially store memories for long-term retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the consolidation process, as described in the text?

<p>Memories become stronger and more resilient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary division of the Serial Position Effect?

<p>Recency and Primacy Effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the Primacy Effect occurs?

<p>Because the items in the beginning of the list received more attention and were rehearsed more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the Recency Effect occurs?

<p>Because the items at the end of the list were recently placed in short-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to remember the early part of the list than the middle part?

<p>Primacy Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to remember the last items on the list better than the middle items?

<p>Recency Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Serial Position Effect a phenomenon of?

<p>Memory for lists of items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary phenomenon observed in the serial position effect?

<p>Items at the beginning and end of the list are more likely to be remembered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the serial position effect?

<p>The order of items in the list affects the probability of recalling an item (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the recall memory test in the class exercise?

<p>To test the students' ability to recall a list of words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of items at the beginning and end of the list in the serial position effect?

<p>They are more likely to be remembered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the serial position effect on memory retrieval?

<p>It affects the accuracy of our retrieval and the order of the items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the serial position effect also known as?

<p>Primacy and Recency Effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the lecture today?

<p>To learn about the measurement of long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the task of the students in the first test?

<p>To study a list of words and recall them later (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the filler trial in the first test?

<p>To provide a break between the encoding and test phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many words are presented to the students in the encoding phase of the first test?

<p>12 words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the instruction given to the students in the test phase of the first test?

<p>To write down as many words as they can remember (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between explicit and implicit memory tests?

<p>Explicit memory tests require conscious recall, while implicit memory tests do not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the encoding phase in a memory test?

<p>To present stimuli to be remembered to participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the retrieval phase in a memory test?

<p>Asking participants to recall or recognize previously studied information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between free recall and cue recall in a memory test?

<p>Free recall does not provide any hint, while cue recall provides a hint to aid memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a recall test in a memory test?

<p>To test the participants' ability to recall previously studied information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a stimulus that can be presented during the encoding phase of a memory test?

<p>A list of words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the encoding phase and the retrieval phase in a memory test?

<p>The encoding phase is when stimuli are presented, while the retrieval phase is when information is retrieved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a recall test and a recognition test?

<p>The method of generating versus identifying information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is being described when the test requires generating the information previously studied?

<p>Recall test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a recognition test?

<p>To identify the information previously studied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a recall test?

<p>Generating the information from a previous study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of test that involves generating the information previously studied?

<p>Recall test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between recall and recognition tests?

<p>The method of generating versus identifying information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the word-stem completion task in the class activity?

<p>To induce priming and assess implicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is being tested in the task that asks participants to indicate whether a word is pleasant or unpleasant?

<p>Explicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where participants are influenced by a word or stimulus they were previously exposed to, without consciously realizing it?

<p>Priming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the training phase and the test phase of the word-stem completion task?

<p>The instructions given to participants in each phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the question asked during the training phase of the word-stem completion task?

<p>To ensure participants paid attention to the words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is tested in the word-fragment completion task?

<p>Implicit memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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