PSYC 305 - LTM S.ppt

Memory: Long-Term Memory Mariana V. C. Couttinho, PhD Lecture Outline  Long-term Memory Classification of LTM Declarative Memory System Non-Declarative Memory System 2 Modal Model of Memory 3 What brain structure is critical for the formation of long-term memories? 4 5 Do you know how researche...

Memory: Long-Term Memory Mariana V. C. Couttinho, PhD Lecture Outline  Long-term Memory Classification of LTM Declarative Memory System Non-Declarative Memory System 2 Modal Model of Memory 3 What brain structure is critical for the formation of long-term memories? 4 5 Do you know how researchers discovered that? 6 Henry Gustav Molaison (Patient H.M.) 7 Patient H.M. 8 Patient H.M.  H.M.'s seizures became quite severe.  Medicines were not helping. When H.M. turned 27 (in 1953) neurosurgeon W. B. Scoville proposed to do remove part of the brain where the seizures were originating from. 9 In 1953, Scoville removed Molaison's medial temporal lobes on both hemispheres. The hippocampus on both sides of the brain were removed. 10 Patient H.M. After the surgery, his seizures improved but he could no longer form new explicit long-term memories. 11 Patient H.M. He lived in a care institute in Connecticut United States where he was the subject of research until his death in 2008. 12 Patient H.M. His case played an important role in the development of theories of memory. 13 Patient H.M. STM differs from LTM Two memory system supported by different brain areas. 14 They learned more about memory as well, which we will discuss shortly. 15 Long-term Memory It is an aspect of our memory system where information can be stored for long periods of time. It has unlimited storage duration. It has unlimited storage capacity. 16 Long-term Memory It includes the experiences and knowledge we gather throughout our lifetime. Knowledge of social rules Our favorite restaurant How to write an essay General Knowledge: when the UAE was founded Schemas … Scripts 17 Classification of Long-term Memory Cognitive Psychologists divide LTM into two main systems:  Declarative memory Episodic and Semantic  Non-declarative memory Procedural and Perceptual 18 19 Declarative/Explicit Memory System Declarative memory system –includes all memories that we can consciously recall. –memories that are available to conscious awareness. –You can talk about it. For example: Who did you have lunch with yesterday? 20 Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory System It includes memories that we do not have conscious access. We cannot declare/talk about it. But the stored information influences our behavior. 21 Declarative: Episodic and Semantic Memory  Declarative Memory system is further subdivided into: Episodic memory Semantic memory 22 Episodic Memory The portion of LTM that includes memories about personal experiences or episodes occurring in a given place and at a specific time. For example: a memory of your 15th birthday 23 Episodic Memory Memories of autobiographical events. Events that you are part of them. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when. 24 Episodic Memory Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when. Temporal Context: when the event occurred. I met Afra yesterday at 7:00 pm. Spatial Context: where the event occurred. When I went to Starbucks I met Afra. 25 Class Exercise Close your eyes and think about what happened yesterday while you were at home. What did you do right after Iftar? Who did you see then? How did you feel? 26 You can do that because of your Episodic Memory System! 27 Episodic Memory Episodic memory allows us to travel back mentally in time to earlier moments in our lives. Where you observe yourself performing an action or visiting a place. 28 Semantic Memory It is the portion of LTM that includes memories for facts and general knowledge about the world. For example: It is where discrete facts like: “dogs bark” “robins are birds” “Donald Trump is the president of USA” “Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior” are stored. 29 Let’s answer some questions … 30 Question Do people get better on a skill (playing drums) with practice? 31 Question Do you think people can get better on a skill even if they do not recall learning it? YES 32 Question and Answer Do you think people can get better on a skill even if they do not recall learning it? Yes, the brain structures supporting skill learning and declarative memories are different. 33 H.M. Patient H.M. learned to perform new tasks even though he could not recollect learning them. 34 35 Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory System It includes stored information that we do not have conscious access. We cannot declare/talk about it. But the stored information influences our behavior. 36 Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory System Procedural Memory Priming Classical Conditioning 37 Implicit Memory: Procedural Memory System Procedural memory refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. Piano Playing Ride a bicycle Typing 38 39 Implicit Memory: Procedural Memory System Procedural memories are formed through practice. 40 Implicit Memory: Procedural Memory For example, consider the skill of riding a bicycle. After each attempt, you form a memory of what to do when on a bike. This memory formed is procedural (about know how) 41 Classical conditioning A memory for the association between unconditioned and neutral stimulus leading to a response. 42 Thank you! 43 H.M. Videos  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQASyR0w8Qo  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i488aUN5RXA&t=24s  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkaXNvzE4pk&t=12s  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrFpXPnzvEA  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0Od5DrdPA4 44