Long Acting Anticoagulants and Nerve Agents

Long-acting anticoagulants (blood thinners) prevent clot formation; examples include warfarin.
No specific antidote available for super-warfarin or other potent blood thinners.
Management of presenting signs and symptoms is the primary treatment approach.

Sarin (GB): Colorless, odorless, turns into gas within seconds, highly lethal, primarily a vapor hazard.
Soman (GD): Twice as persistent and five times more lethal than GB, contact, and inhalation hazard.
Tabun (GA): Half as lethal as GB, significantly more persistent (36 times).
VX: Clear, oily, resembles baby oil, over 100 times more lethal than GB, extremely persistent with minimal vapor.
Novichok: Russian-developed, potentially five times deadlier than VX, difficult to detect, binary chemical weapon.

Damage living tissue by dissolving fats and oils; no specific antidote available.
Focus on decontamination and symptom management.

Commonly used in crowd control; includes tear gas and pepper spray.
Initial treatment includes removing the patient from exposure and decontamination with water.

Targets heart, kidneys, and liver; management focuses on presenting signs and symptoms.

Cause uncontrolled nausea and vomiting with no specific antidote; treatment is symptomatic.

Organisms cultivated to cause disease; includes viruses and bacteria.
Issues with detection; diseases often mimic minor illnesses; can spread through various means.

Limit personnel with patient to essential care providers.
Record all contacts, including bystanders and family, even with PPE.
Clean and decontaminate medical equipment post-use; avoid invasive procedures when possible.
Monitor healthcare personnel for symptoms of contamination.

Viruses need living hosts to replicate; some have vaccines but treatment is mainly antiviral.
Smallpox: Highly contagious, characterized by high fever and systemic rash; no vaccine for general population, provided to responders.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Symptoms range from flu-like to severe bleeding; mortality can range from 5% to 90%, depending on strain and healthcare access.

Long-acting anticoagulants, such as warfarin, are utilized to prevent blood clot formation.
No specific antidote exists for super-warfarin and other high-potency anticoagulants.
Management relies on addressing the signs and symptoms of overdose or adverse effects.

Nerve agents are engineered for mass casualties and can induce cardiac arrest within minutes of exposure.
These agents belong to the organic phosphate class, with lower concentrations found in household pesticides.
They inhibit the enzyme colin esterase, resulting in excessive nervous system stimulation.

Sarin (GB): Colorless and odorless; vaporizes rapidly; extremely lethal and primarily poses a vapor hazard.
Soman (GD): More persistent and lethal than Sarin; significant risk through both contact and inhalation.
Tabun (GA): Less lethal than Sarin, but much more persistent in the environment.
VX: Oily, clear substance, over 100 times more lethal than Sarin; highly persistent with limited vaporization.
Novichok: Developed in Russia, potentially five times deadlier than VX; difficult to detect and used as a binary chemical weapon.

Organic solvents can damage living tissue by dissolving fats and oils; there is no specific antidote.
Emphasis on decontamination and management of symptoms in cases of exposure.

Riot control agents, such as tear gas and pepper spray, are designed for crowd management.
Immediate treatment involves removing individuals from exposure and decontaminating with water.

Ethylene glycol primarily affects the heart, kidneys, and liver; management focuses on monitoring symptoms.

Vomiting agents induce severe nausea and vomiting; symptomatic treatment is the only available management.

Biological agents include viruses and bacteria that can be cultivated to cause diseases.
Detection of these agents is challenging; their symptoms often resemble milder illnesses and can be transmitted through various routes.

Limit patient contact to essential healthcare providers only.
Maintain detailed records of all contacts, including bystanders and family members, even with PPE.
Ensure thorough cleaning and decontamination of medical equipment post-use, avoiding invasive procedures when possible.
Monitor healthcare personnel for any symptoms of contamination.

Viruses require living hosts for replication; while some have vaccines, antiviral treatments are predominantly used.
Smallpox: Highly infectious with symptoms including high fever and systemic rash; specific vaccine available only for responders.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Symptoms may vary from mild flu-like to severe hemorrhaging; mortality rates can range from 5% to 90%, contingent on strain severity and healthcare access.