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Questions and Answers
What are the two types of logical analysis typically used in deductive arguments?
What are the two types of logical analysis typically used in deductive arguments?
- Premise analysis and truth value analysis.
- Truth value analysis and valid vs. Invalid analysis.
- Logical analysis and truth value analysis. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT considered a valid argument form?
Which of the following is NOT considered a valid argument form?
- Hypothetical Syllogism
- Modus Ponens
- Modus Tollens
- Fallacy of affirming the consequent (correct)
What are the two types of categorical propositions?
What are the two types of categorical propositions?
- Universal and Particular (correct)
- Universal and Affirmative
- Affirmative and Negative
What is the term called that represents the 'All' or 'Some' part of a categorical proposition that makes the connection between the subject class and the predicate class.
What is the term called that represents the 'All' or 'Some' part of a categorical proposition that makes the connection between the subject class and the predicate class.
What is a 'categorical syllogism'?
What is a 'categorical syllogism'?
In a categorical syllogism, the main operator is the ______.
In a categorical syllogism, the main operator is the ______.
Which of the following is considered a 'formal fallacy'?
Which of the following is considered a 'formal fallacy'?
A 'natural deduction' is a method of proving arguments through the use of rules of inference
A 'natural deduction' is a method of proving arguments through the use of rules of inference
The difference between a tautology and a self-contradiction is that a tautology is always true, while a self-contradiction is always false.
The difference between a tautology and a self-contradiction is that a tautology is always true, while a self-contradiction is always false.
The term 'propositional logic' typically refers to statements composed of simple propositions that are connected with logical operators, such as 'and', 'or', 'if...then', and 'if and only if'.
The term 'propositional logic' typically refers to statements composed of simple propositions that are connected with logical operators, such as 'and', 'or', 'if...then', and 'if and only if'.
What is a deductive argument that is impossible for the conclusion to be false, assuming the premises are true?
What is a deductive argument that is impossible for the conclusion to be false, assuming the premises are true?
What are the two requirements for a deductive argument to be sound?
What are the two requirements for a deductive argument to be sound?
What are the two conditions that make a deductive argument unsound?
What are the two conditions that make a deductive argument unsound?
What type of argument is it when a conclusion is probably true if the premises are true?
What type of argument is it when a conclusion is probably true if the premises are true?
What type of argument is it when the conclusion is either probably not true, or a true conclusion does not follow from the premises?
What type of argument is it when the conclusion is either probably not true, or a true conclusion does not follow from the premises?
What are the two requirements for an inductive argument to be cogent?
What are the two requirements for an inductive argument to be cogent?
What are the two conditions that make an inductive argument uncogent?
What are the two conditions that make an inductive argument uncogent?
What is a group of statements where one statement (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises)?
What is a group of statements where one statement (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises)?
A sentence that is either true or false is called a statement.
A sentence that is either true or false is called a statement.
What is the information provided as support for a conclusion in an argument?
What is the information provided as support for a conclusion in an argument?
What is the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate and construct arguments?
What is the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate and construct arguments?
What are the two possibilities of truth values for every statement?
What are the two possibilities of truth values for every statement?
What is the term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process expressed by an argument?
What is the term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process expressed by an argument?
What is the information content imparted by a statement?
What is the information content imparted by a statement?
What type of argument is it where a conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises?
What type of argument is it where a conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises?
What type of argument is it where a conclusion is claimed to be probably true if the premises are true?
What type of argument is it where a conclusion is claimed to be probably true if the premises are true?
A valid deductive argument is impossible for the conclusion to be false.
A valid deductive argument is impossible for the conclusion to be false.
An invalid argument is a deductive argument where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
An invalid argument is a deductive argument where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
What type of argument is it when the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true, and the argument is strong?
What type of argument is it when the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true, and the argument is strong?
An uncogent argument is both weak and has at least one false premise?
An uncogent argument is both weak and has at least one false premise?
What is a compound statement that has two distinct statements, called disjuncts, joined by the word 'or'?
What is a compound statement that has two distinct statements, called disjuncts, joined by the word 'or'?
A strong inductive argument is one with strong premises and a conclusion that is highly likely to be true.
A strong inductive argument is one with strong premises and a conclusion that is highly likely to be true.
A weak inductive argument is one with weak premises and a conclusion that is highly likely to be true.
A weak inductive argument is one with weak premises and a conclusion that is highly likely to be true.
What is an argument with missing premises, missing conclusions, or both?
What is an argument with missing premises, missing conclusions, or both?
What is a conditional statement that is used to imply an argument?
What is a conditional statement that is used to imply an argument?
What is the first step in diagramming an argument?
What is the first step in diagramming an argument?
What is a diagram that shows the relationship between a single premise and a single conclusion?
What is a diagram that shows the relationship between a single premise and a single conclusion?
What is a diagram that reveals the occurrence of independent premises?
What is a diagram that reveals the occurrence of independent premises?
What type of argument is it when an attack is made on the alleged character flaws of the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself?
What type of argument is it when an attack is made on the alleged character flaws of the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself?
What is a fallacious argument that relies on a mistaken use of the principle behind making a generalization?
What is a fallacious argument that relies on a mistaken use of the principle behind making a generalization?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a rule or generalization is inappropriately applied to a situation?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a rule or generalization is inappropriately applied to a situation?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a generalization is argued from a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a generalization is argued from a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an attribute of the individual parts of something is mistakenly transferred to the whole?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an attribute of the individual parts of something is mistakenly transferred to the whole?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an attribute of the whole is mistakenly transferred to the individual parts of something?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an attribute of the whole is mistakenly transferred to the individual parts of something?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a causal connection is assumed to exist between two events, when there is no actual causal connection between them, or they assumed causal connection is unlikely to exist?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a causal connection is assumed to exist between two events, when there is no actual causal connection between them, or they assumed causal connection is unlikely to exist?
What type of fallacious argument is it when the first event is assumed to have caused the second, just because it happened before?
What type of fallacious argument is it when the first event is assumed to have caused the second, just because it happened before?
What fallacious argument is it when a series of occurrences is connected, such that a first event is claimed to directly lead to a second, and so on, until a final unwanted situation is reached?
What fallacious argument is it when a series of occurrences is connected, such that a first event is claimed to directly lead to a second, and so on, until a final unwanted situation is reached?
Fallacies of unwarranted assumptions are arguments that assume the truth of some unproved or questionable claim.
Fallacies of unwarranted assumptions are arguments that assume the truth of some unproved or questionable claim.
What type of fallacious argument is it when a premise is simply reworded in the conclusion?
What type of fallacious argument is it when a premise is simply reworded in the conclusion?
What is a fallacious argument that relies solely on the arousal of a strong emotional state or psychological reaction to gain acceptance of a conclusion?
What is a fallacious argument that relies solely on the arousal of a strong emotional state or psychological reaction to gain acceptance of a conclusion?
What kind of fallacious argument is it when an argument manipulates a psychological need or desire, such as the desire to belong to a popular group, to gain acceptance for the conclusion?
What kind of fallacious argument is it when an argument manipulates a psychological need or desire, such as the desire to belong to a popular group, to gain acceptance for the conclusion?
The appeal to pity fallacy is a type of fallacious argument that relies on the threat of harmful consequences to gain acceptance?
The appeal to pity fallacy is a type of fallacious argument that relies on the threat of harmful consequences to gain acceptance?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an argument relies on a threat of harmful consequences to gain acceptance for a conclusion?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an argument relies on a threat of harmful consequences to gain acceptance for a conclusion?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an argument relies on the opinions of people who either have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand, or whose testimony is not trustworthy?
What type of fallacious argument is it when an argument relies on the opinions of people who either have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand, or whose testimony is not trustworthy?
What is a false dichotomy, a type of fallacious argument?
What is a false dichotomy, a type of fallacious argument?
What is a mistake in reasoning that occurs in ordinary language and concerns the content of the argument rather than its form?
What is a mistake in reasoning that occurs in ordinary language and concerns the content of the argument rather than its form?
What is an immediate argument created by changing the quality of a given proposition, and replacing the predicate term with its complement?
What is an immediate argument created by changing the quality of a given proposition, and replacing the predicate term with its complement?
What is an immediate argument formed by interchanging subject and predicate terms of a proposition?
What is an immediate argument formed by interchanging subject and predicate terms of a proposition?
What is an immediate argument formed by switching subject and predicate terms in a proposition and replacing both with their complements?
What is an immediate argument formed by switching subject and predicate terms in a proposition and replacing both with their complements?
What is an argument that has exactly two premises and a conclusion?
What is an argument that has exactly two premises and a conclusion?
What is a syllogism constructed entirely of categorical propositions?
What is a syllogism constructed entirely of categorical propositions?
What is the subject of the conclusion in a categorical syllogism?
What is the subject of the conclusion in a categorical syllogism?
What is the predicate of the conclusion in a categorical syllogism?
What is the predicate of the conclusion in a categorical syllogism?
What is the term that occurs only in the premises of a categorical syllogism?
What is the term that occurs only in the premises of a categorical syllogism?
What is the first premise of a categorical syllogism?
What is the first premise of a categorical syllogism?
What is the second premise of a categorical syllogism?
What is the second premise of a categorical syllogism?
What fallacy occurs in a categorical syllogism when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is distributed in both premises, but not the conclusion?
What fallacy occurs in a categorical syllogism when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is distributed in both premises, but not the conclusion?
What fallacy occurs when a categorical syllogism has a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion?
What fallacy occurs when a categorical syllogism has a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion?
What special type of enthymemes involves missing parts, which are intermediate conclusions, each of which becomes a premise in the next link in the chain?
What special type of enthymemes involves missing parts, which are intermediate conclusions, each of which becomes a premise in the next link in the chain?
What type of arguments have logical equivalences between their statement forms?
What type of arguments have logical equivalences between their statement forms?
What type of arguments are rules of inference that apply only to an entire line?
What type of arguments are rules of inference that apply only to an entire line?
What are the statements that follow from the application of a rule of inference in a logical proof?
What are the statements that follow from the application of a rule of inference in a logical proof?
What is the application of a set of small-scale logical maneuvers or devices in a proof?
What is the application of a set of small-scale logical maneuvers or devices in a proof?
What is the overarching strategy in a logical proof that defines the overall goal and direction of the proof?
What is the overarching strategy in a logical proof that defines the overall goal and direction of the proof?
What is the rule of inference that allows replacing logically equivalent expressions within a proof?
What is the rule of inference that allows replacing logically equivalent expressions within a proof?
De Morgan's rule is a replacement rule.
De Morgan's rule is a replacement rule.
The transposition rule is a replacement rule.
The transposition rule is a replacement rule.
The exportation rule is an implication rule.
The exportation rule is an implication rule.
What is a special kind of proof where the conclusion is inferred from the premises by following rules of inference?
What is a special kind of proof where the conclusion is inferred from the premises by following rules of inference?
What is the logical operation where the combination of two statements is true only if both statements are true?
What is the logical operation where the combination of two statements is true only if both statements are true?
What is the logical operation where the combination of two statements is true if at least one of the statements is true?
What is the logical operation where the combination of two statements is true if at least one of the statements is true?
A statement that is necessarily false is called a tautology.
A statement that is necessarily false is called a tautology.
Logic is the systematic use of methods and principles for the evaluation of arguments.
Logic is the systematic use of methods and principles for the evaluation of arguments.
What is a compound statement made up of two conditionals, one indicated by the word 'if' and the other by the phrase 'only if'?
What is a compound statement made up of two conditionals, one indicated by the word 'if' and the other by the phrase 'only if'?
What is a statement that has the entire well-formed formula in its scope?
What is a statement that has the entire well-formed formula in its scope?
What are two types of fallacy that occur in deductive arguments?
What are two types of fallacy that occur in deductive arguments?
What is a statement that has exactly one premise?
What is a statement that has exactly one premise?
What is an argument that has more than one premise?
What is an argument that has more than one premise?
What is a set of statements that have identical truth tables under the main operator?
What is a set of statements that have identical truth tables under the main operator?
What is an argument that is sometimes true and sometimes false?
What is an argument that is sometimes true and sometimes false?
A formal fallacy is restricted to deductive arguments?
A formal fallacy is restricted to deductive arguments?
Modus ponens is an invalid argument form?
Modus ponens is an invalid argument form?
Modus tollens is a valid argument form?
Modus tollens is a valid argument form?
An invalid argument form that is a formal fallacy is called modus tollens?
An invalid argument form that is a formal fallacy is called modus tollens?
The fallacy of denying the antecedent is a formal fallacy?
The fallacy of denying the antecedent is a formal fallacy?
The truth value of a truth-functional proposition is uniquely determined by the truth values of its components.
The truth value of a truth-functional proposition is uniquely determined by the truth values of its components.
Statement forms can stand for any arrangement of logical operators and statement variables?
Statement forms can stand for any arrangement of logical operators and statement variables?
Argument forms are arrangements of logical operators and statement variables that result in a logical argument?
Argument forms are arrangements of logical operators and statement variables that result in a logical argument?
A truth table is a method for determining the truth values for a truth-functional compound proposition.
A truth table is a method for determining the truth values for a truth-functional compound proposition.
What are the logical operators that are used to translate ordinary language statements into propositional logic?
What are the logical operators that are used to translate ordinary language statements into propositional logic?
A compound statement can have both simple statements and logical operators?
A compound statement can have both simple statements and logical operators?
In propositional logic, the word 'not' is used to denote negation?
In propositional logic, the word 'not' is used to denote negation?
A simple statement can contain logical operators.
A simple statement can contain logical operators.
The 'horseshoe' symbol is used to denote conditional statements?
The 'horseshoe' symbol is used to denote conditional statements?
What is a statement that is a statement letter or an arrangement of operators and statement letters, such that the result is a grammatically correct symbolic expression?
What is a statement that is a statement letter or an arrangement of operators and statement letters, such that the result is a grammatically correct symbolic expression?
The scope of an operator refers to the statements that it governs.
The scope of an operator refers to the statements that it governs.
What is a statement that is always true?
What is a statement that is always true?
An exclusive disjunction is true when both disjuncts are true.
An exclusive disjunction is true when both disjuncts are true.
An inclusive disjunction is true only when one, but not both, of the disjuncts is true.
An inclusive disjunction is true only when one, but not both, of the disjuncts is true.
The word 'if' typically precedes the antecedent of a conditional statement?
The word 'if' typically precedes the antecedent of a conditional statement?
An event is a sufficient condition for another event to be realized when the first event ensures that the second event is realized?
An event is a sufficient condition for another event to be realized when the first event ensures that the second event is realized?
An event is a necessary condition for another event to be realized when the first event is essential for the second event to be realized?
An event is a necessary condition for another event to be realized when the first event is essential for the second event to be realized?
A biconditional is a compound statement made up of two conditionals, one indicated by the word 'if' and the other by the phrase 'only if'.
A biconditional is a compound statement made up of two conditionals, one indicated by the word 'if' and the other by the phrase 'only if'.
A well-formed formula is a compound statement, where an arrangement of operators and statement letters results in a grammatically correct symbolic expression.
A well-formed formula is a compound statement, where an arrangement of operators and statement letters results in a grammatically correct symbolic expression.
Each operator in a logical expression governs a unique scope of statements.
Each operator in a logical expression governs a unique scope of statements.
The main operator is the operator that governs the entire well-formed formula.
The main operator is the operator that governs the entire well-formed formula.
A truth-functional proposition is one where its truth-value is uniquely determined by the truth values of its components.
A truth-functional proposition is one where its truth-value is uniquely determined by the truth values of its components.
Flashcards
Valid argument (deductive)
Valid argument (deductive)
A deductive argument where, assuming premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false.
Invalid argument (deductive)
Invalid argument (deductive)
A deductive argument where, assuming premises are true, the conclusion could be false.
Sound argument (deductive)
Sound argument (deductive)
A valid deductive argument with true premises.
Unsound argument (deductive)
Unsound argument (deductive)
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Strong argument (inductive)
Strong argument (inductive)
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Weak argument (inductive)
Weak argument (inductive)
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Cogent argument (inductive)
Cogent argument (inductive)
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Uncogent argument (inductive)
Uncogent argument (inductive)
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Argument
Argument
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Statement
Statement
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Premise
Premise
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Conclusion
Conclusion
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Proposition
Proposition
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Inference
Inference
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Deductive argument
Deductive argument
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Inductive argument
Inductive argument
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Ad hominem abusive
Ad hominem abusive
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Ad hominem circumstantial
Ad hominem circumstantial
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Poisoning the well
Poisoning the well
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Tu quoque
Tu quoque
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Appeal to the people
Appeal to the people
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Valid argument
Valid argument
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Invalid argument
Invalid argument
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Sound argument
Sound argument
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Unsound argument
Unsound argument
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Strong inductive argument
Strong inductive argument
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Weak inductive argument
Weak inductive argument
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Cogent argument
Cogent argument
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Uncogent argument
Uncogent argument
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Truth value analysis
Truth value analysis
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Logical analysis
Logical analysis
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Premise indicator
Premise indicator
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Conclusion indicator
Conclusion indicator
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Inferential claim
Inferential claim
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Non-inferential passage
Non-inferential passage
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Explanation
Explanation
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Distributed term
Distributed term
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Undistributed term
Undistributed term
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Obversion
Obversion
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Contraposition
Contraposition
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Categorical syllogism
Categorical syllogism
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Minor term
Minor term
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Major term
Major term
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Middle term
Middle term
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Undistributed middle
Undistributed middle
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Modus Ponens
Modus Ponens
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Modus Tollens
Modus Tollens
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Hypothetical syllogism
Hypothetical syllogism
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Disjunctive syllogism
Disjunctive syllogism
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Study Notes
Logic Final Review - Chapter Summaries
- Chapter 1: What Logic Studies
- Deductive Arguments: A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. An invalid argument is possible for a false conclusion, even if premises are true. A sound argument is a valid argument with all true premises. An unsound argument is either invalid or has at least one false premise.
- Inductive Arguments: Strong inductive arguments are where the conclusion is probable if the premises are true, otherwise it is weak. Cogent arguments are strong with all true premises, and uncogent arguments are weak or have at least one false premise.
- Argument: A group of statements where one is a conclusion and others are the premises intended to support it.
- Statement: A sentence either true or false.
- Logic: The systematic use of methods and principles for evaluating/constructing arguments.
- Truth Values: Every statement either true or false. Each statement has a truth value.
- Proposition: The meaning or information content of a statement.
- Inference: The process of reasoning in an argument.
- Premise Indicators: Words/phrases like "because," "since," etc.
- Conclusion Indicators: Words/phrases like "therefore," "thus," etc.
- Explanation: Provides reasons for an event's occurrence, not an argument.
Logic Final Review - Chapter 2 & 3 Summaries
-
Chapter 2:
- Inferential Claims: Passages making a reasoning process explicit or implicit are inferential claims. If expressed, it's explicitly, if implied, it is implicitly.
- Explanation: Shows reasons for how or why something occurred, not an argument, so it's non-inferential.
- Truth Value Analysis: Determines the strength with which premises support the conclusion.
- Logical Analysis: Determines the strength with which the premises support the conclusion.
-
Chapter 3:
- Diagramming Arguments: Depicts relationship between premises and conclusion in an argument.
- Simple Diagram: Displays connection between one premise and one conclusion.
- Convergent Diagram: Shows independent premises supporting a conclusion.
- Dependent Premises (Linked Diagram): Premises working together to support the conclusion, where falsity of one weakens the others' support.
- Divergent Diagram: Displays a single premise supporting multiple conclusions.
- Serial Diagram: One argument's conclusion becomes a premise in another.
Logic Final Review - Chapter 4 Summaries
- Chapter 4: Informal Fallacies
- Personal Attacks: Argument rejected due to attack on the person, not the argument's merit.
- Ad hominem abusive: Attacking someone's character instead of their argument.
- Ad hominem circumstantial: Argument rejected due to person's circumstances.
- Poisoning the well: Attacking someone before they can present their case.
- Tu quoque: Avoiding issue by claiming the other person is a hypocrite.
- Emotional Appeals: Relying solely on emotional arousal to manipulate.
- Appeal to the people: Exploiting the desire to belong to a group for support.
- Appeal to pity: Using pity or mercy to support a conclusion.
- Appeal to fear or force: Using threats to force acceptance of action.
- Weak Inductive Argument Fallacies: Incorrect use of generalization principle.
- Rigid Application: Using a generalization inappropriately.
- Hasty Generalization: Generalizing based on insufficient evidence
- Composition: Mistakenly transferring attributes of parts to the whole or members of a class to the class itself.
- Division: Mistakenly transferring attributes of the whole to the parts or attributes of a class to its members.
- Personal Attacks: Argument rejected due to attack on the person, not the argument's merit.
Logic Final Review - Chapter 5 Summaries
- Chapter 5: Categorical Propositions
- Class: A group of objects.
- Categorical Proposition: Relates two classes.
- Subject Term: The term which comes first in a categorical proposition.
- Predicate Term: Term that comes second.
- Quantifiers: Words describing quantity (all, no, some).
- Quality: Affirmative or negative (e.g., all S are P; some S are not P).
- A-proposition: All S are P.
- E-proposition: No S are P.
- I-proposition: Some S are P.
- O-proposition: Some S are not P.
Logic Final Review - Chapter 6 Summaries
- Chapter 6: Categorical Syllogisms
- Syllogism: A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion.
- Categorical Syllogism: A syllogism composed entirely of categorical propositions.
- Minor Term: Subject term of the conclusion.
- Major Term: Predicate term of the conclusion.
- Middle Term: Appears only in the premises.
- Major Premise: Contains the major term.
- Minor Premise: Contains the minor term.
- Rules of Categorical Syllogisms: Several rules to ensure validity.
- Methods of Conversion, Obversion, Contraposition: Techniques to change categorical propositions.
- Formal Fallacies:
- Undistributed Middle: Middle term undistributed in both premises
- Illicit Major: Major term undistributed in conclusion, but distributed in a premise.
- Exclusive Premises: Both premises are negative.
- Affirmative Conclusion/Negative Premise: Negative premise but affirmative conclusion.
- Negative Conclusion/Affirmative Premises: Affirmative premises but negative conclusion.
- Existential fallacy: Particular conclusion from two universal premises
Logic Final Review - Chapter 7 Summaries
- Chapter 7: Propositional Logic
- Logical Operators: Symbols representing logical connections between statements (not, and, or, if-then, if and only if).
- Simple Statements: Statements with no other statements or operators.
- Compound Statements: Statements with logical operators linking simpler statements.
- Conjunction (dot): Connecting with "and."
- Disjunction (wedge): Connecting with "or."
- Conditional (horseshoe): Connecting with "if-then."
- Biconditional (triple bar): Connecting with "if and only if."
Logic Final Review - Chapter 8 Summaries
- Chapter 8: Natural Deduction
- **Rules of Inference: ** Methods to derive conclusions from premises, including Modus Ponens (MP),Modus Tollens (MT), Hypothetical Syllogism (HS), and Disjunctive Syllogism (DS).
- Replacement Rules: Logically equivalent statements, including De Morgan's rules, Commutation, Association, Distribution, Double Negation.
- Proofs: Sequences of steps using inference rules to validly derive a conclusion.
- Strategies: Methods for finding proofs (e.g. Simplification, Conjunction, Addition).
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Prepare for your Logic final with a comprehensive review of key concepts from Chapter 1. This chapter covers deductive and inductive arguments, definitions of arguments, statements, and the principles of logic. Understand the distinctions between valid, sound, strong, and cogent arguments to excel in your exam.
