Logic and Argumentation Quiz

Fundamental Nursing Introduction

• Nursing was introduced using Latinward "mutire"
• The goal was to protect and nourish the patient
• Lady with the lamp refers to Florence Nightingale
• Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Italy

Florence Nightingale

• Considered the "founder" of modern nursing
• Trained at Kaiserwerth in 1851
• Completed training in 1853
• Became known as the "Lady with the Lamp"
• Opened the Nightingale school of nursing at St. Thomas's Hospital in 1860
• Awarded the Red Cross in 1893
• Died May 13, 1910, in London, but funeral in Italy

Nursing Theories

• Environmental Theory: Developed by Florence Nightingale. Key elements include natural light, fresh air, water, and nutritional food.
• Self-care Theory: Focuses on patients' abilities
• IPR Theory: Addresses interpersonal relationships and nursing care practices
• Need Theory: By Virginia Henderson, emphasizing the nursing process to meet patients' basic needs.
• Problem Theory: By Abdulla, focusing on patient problems as the subject matter

Nursing Theories Continued

• Stress Adaptation Theory: By Betty Newman
• Roy's Adaptation Model: By Roy
• Goal Attainment Theory: By King
• Nursing Process: By Ida Orlando
• Transcultural Theory: By Leininger

Nursing Process

• A systematic approach in nursing practice
• Steps: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation

Interpersonal Relationship Theory

• Developed by Peplau
• Phases: pre-introductory, orientation, working, termination

Ways of Thermogenesis

• Temperature regulation is controlled via the hypothalamus
• Anterior hypothalamus detects heat levels
• Posterior hypothalamus controls heat production
• Loss of heat centers - hypothalmus

Ways of Heat Loss

• Conduction: Heat transfer between objects in direct contact
• Convection: Heat transfer by moving fluids (air, water)
• Radiation: Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves
• Evaporation: Heat loss through sweat evaporation

Temperature Measurement

• Oral: 98.6°F (37°C)
• Axillary: 97.6°F (36.4°C)
• Rectal: 99.6°F (37.5°C)
• Temporal: (Ear)
• Different Types of Therometers (Digital, Disposable, oral etc) ... including how they work

Fever Types

• Crisis: Sudden drop in temperature
• Lysis: Gradual decrease in temperature
• Hectic: Wide variation in temperature, alternating between high and low points
• Inversion: Evening temperatures are higher than morning temperatures.
• Remittent: Temperatures fluctuate, with a daily variation of more than 1°F.
• Continuous: Involves less fluctuation in temperature of 1°F or less overall.
• Stepladder: Slight increase, then maintenance of several days, with another slight increase.

Pulse Types

• Tachycardia: Faster-than-normal pulse
• Bradycardia: Slower-than-normal pulse
• Dicrotic: Double pulsation, a single heart beat with a double
• Thready: Weak, difficult to palpate.
• Bounding: Strong and easily palpable.
• Intermittent: Irregularly spaced beats

Respiration

• Normal Respiration (Eupnoea): 12-20 breaths/min.
• Abnormal: Tachycardia (rapid), Bradycardia (slow), Aphnia (sudden cessation), Hypoxia (low oxygen level in tissue), and Hyperpnoea (deep breathing)
• Different sounds including abnormal sounds such as stridor, wheezing, crackles.

Management of Fever, Dyspnoea, Pain

• Assessment.
• Providing comfortable position for patient
• Medication (per doctor's order)
• Various therapies, including nebulization, and other related therapies
• Education on potential health risks.

Blood Pressure Measurements

• Definition
• Instrument and method of measurement
• Normal (120/80 mmHG)
• Systolic and diastolic pressures
• Age-based measurements

Oxygen Therapy Types

• Method of delivering oxygen to patients
• Types of devices for oxygen therapy.
• Different devices depending on patient requirements
• Complications

Enemas Types

• Various uses and applications of different types of enemas.
• Enema composition.
• Contraindication.
• How it works.