Locally Acting Drugs in Dental Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a primary use of chlorhexidine?

  • Whitening of teeth
  • Treatment of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (correct)
  • Strengthening enamel
  • Prevention of dental caries

What is a common side effect of chlorhexidine?

  • Increased oral sensitivity
  • Enamel degradation
  • Brownish discoloration of teeth (correct)
  • Excessive salivation

What type of substances are demulcents?

  • Absorbent materials
  • Inert substances soothing inflamed mucosa (correct)
  • Astringent compounds
  • Antiseptic solutions

Which of the following is an example of an astringent?

<p>Zinc sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of chlorhexidine?

<p>Disrupts bacterial cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property does glycerine possess?

<p>Mild antiseptic property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sucralfate in oral treatment?

<p>Provides topical coverage for ulcers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically included with local anesthetics for gingival retraction?

<p>Vasoconstrictors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of adsorbents and protectives in dental treatments?

<p>Provides physical protection to mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding chlorhexidine's effect on taste?

<p>It does not affect taste at all (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of locally acting drugs in dentistry?

<p>To produce localized therapeutic effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a locally acting drug relevant to dentistry?

<p>Analgesics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'substantivity' refer to in the context of dental pharmacology?

<p>The persistence of a substance on oral surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT modify the activity of antiseptics?

<p>Time since last meal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT associated with the action of antiseptics?

<p>Inhibition of cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antiseptic is classified as a hydrogen peroxide derivative?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The degree of reversible nonspecific binding in substantivity primarily involves which of the following?

<p>Oral reservoirs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiseptics is classified as an alcohol?

<p>Isopropanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor enhances the clearance of a drug from the oral cavity?

<p>Increased salivary flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent is Chlorhexidine categorized as within the antiseptic classification?

<p>Biguanide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal constituent of clove oil, known for its mild analgesic properties?

<p>Eugenol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of clove oil?

<p>Yellowish coloration of dentine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mummifying agents in dental procedures?

<p>Harden and dry pulp tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mummifying agent acts by slow liberation of iodine and has antiseptic properties?

<p>Iodoform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage associated with paraformaldehyde when used in dental procedures?

<p>Possible inflammation of pulp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bleaching agent is classified as an oxidizing agent used to remove pigmentation of teeth?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent is sodium thiosulphate considered when used for removing superficial stains?

<p>Reducing agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chlorinated lime function as a bleaching agent?

<p>By releasing chlorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method used to bleach dentine from carbon or mercury?

<p>Applying ultraviolet rays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mummifying agent is known for precipitating proteins and avoiding bacterial action?

<p>Tannic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of vasoconstrictors like Epinephrine in dentistry?

<p>To constrain blood vessels and minimize bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a contraindication for using vasoconstrictors?

<p>Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of thrombin as a hemostatic agent in dentistry?

<p>To promote blood coagulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property is essential for an effective antiplaque agent?

<p>Substantial antimicrobial spectrum and substantivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are fluorides recommended for caries prevention?

<p>They inhibit the development of carious lesions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended fluoride concentration in drinking water to reduce dental caries by 50%?

<p>1 part to 1 million parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of obtundants in dental procedures?

<p>To alleviate sensitivity of dentine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is considered an example of an antiplaque agent?

<p>Chlorhexidine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of excessive fluoride ingestion?

<p>Chronic fluoride poisoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'substantivity' refer to in the context of antiplaque agents?

<p>The ability to persist on dental surfaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Locally acting drugs

Drugs applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes to treat the area where they are applied.

Substantivity

A measure of how long a drug stays in contact with a specific surface in the mouth.

What factors influence the substantivity of a drug?

The amount of time a drug remains bound to surfaces in the mouth, like teeth, gums, or plaque, before being washed away by saliva.

Antiseptics

Substances used on body surfaces to prevent or treat infections by killing or stopping the growth of harmful bacteria.

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Phenol Derivatives

A classification of antiseptics that includes phenol and its derivatives.

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Oxidizing Agents

A classification of antiseptics that includes hydrogen peroxide.

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Halogens

A classification of antiseptics that includes iodine.

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Biguanide

A classification of antiseptics that includes chlorhexidine.

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Alcohols

A classification of antiseptics that includes ethanol and isopropanol.

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How do antiseptics work?

The process by which antiseptics work by damaging the outer layer of bacteria and allowing harmful substances to enter.

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Vasoconstrictors

Medicines that narrow blood vessels, used in dentistry to limit bleeding. Examples include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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Hemostatic agents

Substances used to stop bleeding. Examples include thrombin and gelatin sponge.

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Antiplaque agents

Medicines applied to the mouth to control plaque, often in the form of mouthwashes, gels, or toothpaste.

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Chlorhexidine

A commonly used antiplaque agent known for its effectiveness in fighting bacteria that cause plaque.

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Fluoride

A mineral that helps prevent cavities but has a limited ability to control plaque.

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Obtundant

A type of medicine that numbs sensitive dentine, used during dental procedures.

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Clove oil

A common obtundant used to reduce dentine sensitivity by numbing nerve fibers.

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Binding

The process where a chemical substance combines with a surface and stays there for a while, releasing its effects gradually.

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Slow release

The release of a substance over time, in small amounts, often after it initially binds to a surface.

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What is Chlorhexidine?

A powerful non-irritating antiseptic commonly used in dentistry. It disrupts bacterial cell membranes and is available in various forms like oral rinses and toothpaste.

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What are the uses of Chlorhexidine in dentistry?

Chlorhexidine prevents plaque formation, gingivitis, and can be used for healing after oral surgery.

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What are some potential side effects of using Chlorhexidine?

Chlorhexidine can cause brown staining of teeth and tongue, an unpleasant aftertaste, and impaired taste sensation.

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What are demulcents?

Demulcents are substances that soothe inflamed or denuded mucosa. They are often high-molecular-weight compounds applied as thick solutions.

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What is an example of a demulcent?

Glycyrrhiza, also known as licorice, is a demulcent used to soothe the throat and acts as a flavoring agent.

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What are adsorbents?

Adsorbents are inert, insoluble solids that bind to irritants and protect the skin or mucosa.

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What is an example of an adsorbent used in dentistry?

Sucralfate is an example of an adsorbent used as a topical gel to facilitate healing of aphthous ulcers.

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What are astringents?

Astringents are substances that precipitate proteins and are used for pain relief, healing, and reducing sensitivity.

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What are some examples of astringents used in dentistry?

Tannic acid and heavy metal salts are examples of astringents commonly used in dentistry.

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What are vasoconstrictors and how are they used in dentistry?

Vasoconstrictors are used in dentistry to constrict blood vessels, mainly as part of local anesthetic solutions or for gingival retraction.

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What is clove oil used for in dentistry?

Clove oil is a natural substance used in dentistry. It has mild pain-relieving and germ-killing properties. Its main ingredient is eugenol, which helps to soothe pain and kill bacteria.

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What are mummifying agents used for in dentistry?

Mummifying agents are substances that harden and dry the tissues of the pulp and root canal, preventing infection. They are used when it's not possible to fully remove the pulp from the root canal.

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What is tannic acid used for in dentistry?

Tannic acid is a yellowish-white to light brown compound. It's used with glycerine to harden tissues, stop proteins from breaking down, and prevent bacteria from growing.

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What is iodoform used for in dentistry?

Iodoform is a substance that slowly releases iodine, which has both antiseptic and pain-relieving properties.

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What is paraform used for in dentistry?

Paraform, a combination of zinc oxide or zinc sulphate with glycerine and creosote, slowly releases formaldehyde. It helps to numb the pulp and prevent inflammation.

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What are bleaching agents used for in dentistry?

Bleaching agents are used to remove stains or discoloration from teeth.

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What is the mechanism of action of oxidizing agents in dental bleaching?

Oxidizing agents, like hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxide, work by breaking down stains and discoloration.

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What is the mechanism of action of reducing agents in dental bleaching?

Reducing agents, like sodium thiosulphate, are used to remove surface stains caused by silver, iodine, or permanganate.

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What is chlorinated lime used for in dental bleaching?

Chlorinated lime is a chlorine-containing substance that releases chlorine to remove tooth stains.

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How are UV rays used in dental bleaching?

Ultraviolet rays (UV) are used to bleach dentin from carbon or mercury stains.

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Study Notes

Locally Acting Drugs (Dental Pharmacology)

  • Locally acting drugs are applied topically to skin or mucous membranes to produce localized therapeutic effects.

Types of Locally Acting Drugs in Dentistry

  • Antiseptics: Agents used on body surfaces to prevent or cure infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Antiseptics often have a wide spectrum of activity.

    • Classification: Phenol derivatives (phenol), oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide), halogens (iodine), biguanides (chlorhexidine), soaps (sodium and potassium), alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol), aldehydes (formaldehyde), acids (boric acid, acetic acid), metallic salts (silver nitrate), and dyes (gentian violet).

    • Mechanism of action: Oxidation of bacterial protoplasm, denaturation of bacterial proteins (including enzymes), and increased permeability of bacterial membranes.

    • Modifying factors: Temperature, pH, contact period with microorganism, nature of organisms, size of innoculum, presence of blood, pus, or other organic matter.

    • Indications: Reducing oral infections in immunocompromised patients (cancer, AIDS), healing after oral/periodontal surgery, treating infections (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, aphthous ulcers), treating denture-associated stomatitis, and routine mouthwash to prevent plaque and gingivitis.

  • Demulcents: Inert substances that soothe inflamed or denuded mucous membranes. Generally high molecular weight substances applied as thick colloidal or viscous solutions in water.

    • Examples: Glycyrrhiza (licorice), used for throat soothing and flavoring/sweetening; glycerin, also possessing mild antiseptic properties; methylcellulose.

  • Adsorbants and Protectives: Powdered, inert, insoluble solids that bind noxious substances, providing physical protection to skin or mucous membranes.

    • Example: Sucralfate (an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose), used as a topical gel for aphthous ulcers; aids in healing by covering the denuded surface.

  • Astringents: Substances that precipitate proteins.

    • Examples: Tannic acid, heavy metal salts (zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, aluminum chloride, ferrous sulfate).

    • Indications: Symptomatic relief of pain, promoting healing of oral lesions, reducing dentin sensitivity, and reducing gum bleeding.

  • Vasoconstrictors: Agents used in dentistry, either as components of local anesthetics or for application with gingival retraction cords, to constrict blood vessels.

    • Examples: Epinephrine (1:200,000/1:100,000/1:50,000), Norepinephrine (1:30,000).

    • Important considerations: Avoid use in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, angina, or recent myocardial infarction.

  • Hemostatic Agents: Agents used in dentistry to control hemorrhage.

    • Examples: Thrombin (accelerates blood coagulation - apply topically, never inject), Gelatin sponge (Gel Foam).

  • Antiplaque Agents: Drugs for plaque control, requiring the drug to remain at the site for sustained antimicrobial effect.

    • Important properties: Antimicrobial spectrum covering relevant microbes, and 'substantivity' (persistence on teeth/gum surfaces due to initial binding and subsequent slow release).

    • Examples: Chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, phenols, hydrogen peroxide, zinc citrate, stannous fluoride.

  • Obtundants: Topical drugs to alleviate dentin sensitivity, permitting painless excavation.

    • Examples: Clove oil, camphor, thymol, menthol, and alcohol.

    • Mechanism of Action: Can act by nerve fiber paralysis (clove oil) or precipitating nerve fiber proteins (silver nitrate, alcohol).

    • Example: Clove oil: Has mild analgesic and antiseptic properties. Contains eugenol. Must be kept in well-closed containers, protected from light. Prolonged effect with no irritation. However, it can cause yellowish discoloration of dentin and slow penetration.

  • Mummifying Agents: Astringents and antiseptics that dry and harden pulp and root canal tissues to minimize infection in certain dental procedures.

    • Examples: Tannic acid (yellowish-white to light-brown astringent; used with glycerine to harden tissues and precipitate proteins), lodoform (acts through slow iodine release; has antiseptic and local anesthetic properties). Both are used in paste form with other agents.

    • Another Example: Paraform (paraformaldehyde). Combination of zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, glycerin and creosote. Acts by slowly releasing formaldehyde; its disadvantage is the potential for formaldehyde to penetrate and harm the pulp.

  • Bleaching Agents: Used to remove tooth pigmentation.

    • Classification: Oxidizing agents (sodium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide), reducing agents (sodium thiosulphate), chlorinated lime, ultraviolet rays.

Additional Notes

  • Fluorides: Effective against caries but not plaque. Sodium fluoride in drinking water can significantly reduce dental caries. Topical applications also exist. Caution needed to avoid nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and possible chronic fluoride poisoning from chronic exposure.
  • Substantivity: The period during which a drug is in contact with a substrate in the oral cavity. Persistence of the substance on the surface of teeth/gums due to initial binding and subsequent slow release. Substantivity depends on reversible nonspecific binding to oral reservoirs (enamel, dentin, oral mucosa, salivary proteins, plaque) and the rate of clearance by salivary flow.

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Locally Acting Drugs (Dental Pharmacology) PDF

Description

Explore the role of locally acting drugs in dental pharmacology through this quiz. Learn about their classifications, mechanisms of action, and the importance of antiseptics in preventing infections. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how these drugs are utilized in dental practice.

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