Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
What is the primary mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
- Activation of calcium channels
- Enhancement of neurotransmitter release
- Blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels (correct)
- Inhibition of potassium channels
Which of the following is an ester-linked local anesthetic?
Which of the following is an ester-linked local anesthetic?
- Bupivacaine
- Ropivacaine
- Procaine (correct)
- Lidocaine
What is the approximate duration of action of lidocaine?
What is the approximate duration of action of lidocaine?
- 1-2 hours (correct)
- 3-8 hours
- 0.5-1 hour
- 2-6 hours
Why is epinephrine often added to local anesthetic solutions?
Why is epinephrine often added to local anesthetic solutions?
Which of the following is a common side effect of local anesthetics?
Which of the following is a common side effect of local anesthetics?
What is the purpose of pre-anesthetic medications?
What is the purpose of pre-anesthetic medications?
Which drug is a benzodiazepine commonly used for pre-anesthetic sedation?
Which drug is a benzodiazepine commonly used for pre-anesthetic sedation?
What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics like morphine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics like morphine?
Which anticholinergic drug is preferred in anesthetic practice due to its potency and longer duration of action?
Which anticholinergic drug is preferred in anesthetic practice due to its potency and longer duration of action?
Which class of drugs reduces gastric acid secretion and is used to prevent reflux and aspiration during surgery?
Which class of drugs reduces gastric acid secretion and is used to prevent reflux and aspiration during surgery?
A patient requires a minor surgical procedure on their finger. Which local anesthetic would be the most appropriate choice?
A patient requires a minor surgical procedure on their finger. Which local anesthetic would be the most appropriate choice?
A patient with a history of seizures is undergoing a dental procedure. Which local anesthetic would be the safest option?
A patient with a history of seizures is undergoing a dental procedure. Which local anesthetic would be the safest option?
A patient is undergoing a prolonged surgical procedure on their lower abdomen. Which type of anesthesia would be most suitable?
A patient is undergoing a prolonged surgical procedure on their lower abdomen. Which type of anesthesia would be most suitable?
A patient experiences severe hypotension during surgery under spinal anesthesia. What is the most likely cause?
A patient experiences severe hypotension during surgery under spinal anesthesia. What is the most likely cause?
A patient undergoing emergency surgery requires an antiemetic to reduce the risk of aspiration. Which drug would be most effective?
A patient undergoing emergency surgery requires an antiemetic to reduce the risk of aspiration. Which drug would be most effective?
A patient with a history of asthma is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which pre-anesthetic medication should be avoided?
A patient with a history of asthma is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which pre-anesthetic medication should be avoided?
A patient with a history of glaucoma is undergoing a surgical procedure. Which anticholinergic drug should be used with caution?
A patient with a history of glaucoma is undergoing a surgical procedure. Which anticholinergic drug should be used with caution?
A patient with a history of cardiac arrhythmia is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which local anesthetic would be the safest option?
A patient with a history of cardiac arrhythmia is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. Which local anesthetic would be the safest option?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their lower leg. Which local anesthetic technique would be most suitable?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their lower leg. Which local anesthetic technique would be most suitable?
A patient is experiencing excessive salivation during a surgical procedure. Which drug would be most effective in reducing secretions?
A patient is experiencing excessive salivation during a surgical procedure. Which drug would be most effective in reducing secretions?
A patient with a history of liver disease is scheduled for a surgical procedure. Which type of local anesthetic would be metabolized more slowly?
A patient with a history of liver disease is scheduled for a surgical procedure. Which type of local anesthetic would be metabolized more slowly?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on an area of inflamed tissue. What effect might the inflammation have on the local anesthetic?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on an area of inflamed tissue. What effect might the inflammation have on the local anesthetic?
A patient is receiving a local anesthetic with epinephrine. Which vital sign should be monitored closely?
A patient is receiving a local anesthetic with epinephrine. Which vital sign should be monitored closely?
A patient is given an excessive dose of a local anesthetic. Which of the following is a serious potential adverse effect?
A patient is given an excessive dose of a local anesthetic. Which of the following is a serious potential adverse effect?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their upper arm. Which nerve block would be most appropriate?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their upper arm. Which nerve block would be most appropriate?
A patient is receiving a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor. Which of the following is a potential complication?
A patient is receiving a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor. Which of the following is a potential complication?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their lower back. Which type of anesthesia would be most suitable?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their lower back. Which type of anesthesia would be most suitable?
A patient is receiving a pre-anesthetic medication with anticholinergic properties. Which of the following is a potential side effect?
A patient is receiving a pre-anesthetic medication with anticholinergic properties. Which of the following is a potential side effect?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their face. Which local anesthetic technique would be most suitable?
A patient is undergoing a surgical procedure on their face. Which local anesthetic technique would be most suitable?
A patient is receiving a pre-anesthetic medication with sedative properties. Which of the following is a potential side effect?
A patient is receiving a pre-anesthetic medication with sedative properties. Which of the following is a potential side effect?
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Study Notes
Local Anesthetics
- Local anesthetics work by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing nerve impulses from being transmitted.
- Ester-linked local anesthetics: Procaine.
- Amide-linked local anesthetics: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine.
- Lidocaine has a duration of action of 1-2 hours.
- Epinephrine is often added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong their duration of action and reduce systemic toxicity.
- Common side effects of local anesthetics: Hypotension.
- Pre-anesthetic medications are used to induce amnesia and reduce anxiety.
- Midazolam is a benzodiazepine commonly used for pre-anesthetic sedation.
- Opioid analgesics like morphine work by interacting with mu-opioid receptors.
- Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic drug preferred for anesthetic practice due to its potency and longer duration of action.
- Proton pump inhibitors reduce gastric acid secretion and are used to prevent reflux and aspiration during surgery.
Anesthesia Techniques
- Lidocaine without epinephrine is the most appropriate local anesthetic for a minor surgical procedure on a finger.
- Lidocaine is the safest local anesthetic option for patients with a history of seizures.
- Spinal anesthesia is most suitable for prolonged surgical procedures on the lower abdomen.
- Blockade of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow is the most likely cause of hypotension during surgery under spinal anesthesia.
- Ondansetron is an effective antiemetic to reduce the risk of aspiration before surgery.
- Morphine should be avoided in patients with a history of asthma before surgery.
- All anticholinergics (Atropine, Glycopyrrolate, Hyoscyamine) should be used with caution in patients with a history of glaucoma.
- Lidocaine without epinephrine is the safest local anesthetic option for patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmia.
- Nerve block is the most suitable local anesthetic technique for a surgical procedure on the lower leg.
- Glycopyrrolate is effective in reducing excessive salivation during surgery.
- Amide-linked local anesthetics are metabolized more slowly in the liver than ester-linked local anesthetics.
- Inflammation can decrease the effectiveness of a local anesthetic.
- Heart rate should be monitored closely in patients receiving a local anesthetic with epinephrine.
- CNS excitation followed by depression is a serious potential adverse effect of an excessive local anesthetic dose.
- Brachial plexus nerve block is the most appropriate nerve block for a surgical procedure on the upper arm.
- Tissue necrosis is a potential complication of a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor.
- Epidural anesthesia is the most suitable anesthesia for a surgical procedure on the lower back.
- Dry mouth is a potential side effect of anticholinergic drugs.
- Field block is the most suitable local anesthetic technique for a surgical procedure on the face.
- Respiratory depression is a potential side effect of sedative pre-anesthetic medications.
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