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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents?
What is the primary mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents?
- Enhancing the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminal
- Inhibiting the influx of sodium ions into the nerve cell (correct)
- Increasing the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to calcium ions
- Inhibiting the efflux of potassium ions from the nerve cell
Which of the following local anesthetics is derived from aniline?
Which of the following local anesthetics is derived from aniline?
- Cocaine
- Lidocaine (correct)
- Procaine
- Benzocaine
What is the term for the ability of an anesthetic to produce anesthesia at a given concentration?
What is the term for the ability of an anesthetic to produce anesthesia at a given concentration?
- Duration
- Onset
- Dose
- Potency (correct)
What is the term for the rate and extent of absorption of an anesthetic from the site of administration?
What is the term for the rate and extent of absorption of an anesthetic from the site of administration?
What is a rare but potential complication of ester-type local anesthetics?
What is a rare but potential complication of ester-type local anesthetics?
What is the term for the length of time an anesthetic remains effective?
What is the term for the length of time an anesthetic remains effective?
What is a characteristic of amine-type local anesthetic agents?
What is a characteristic of amine-type local anesthetic agents?
What is the effect of local anesthetics on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
What is the effect of local anesthetics on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
What is a measure of an anesthetic's ability to block nerve conduction?
What is a measure of an anesthetic's ability to block nerve conduction?
What is the term for the movement of the anesthetic to the site of action?
What is the term for the movement of the anesthetic to the site of action?
What is a characteristic of ester-type local anesthetic agents?
What is a characteristic of ester-type local anesthetic agents?
What is a common adverse effect of local anesthetic agents on the central nervous system?
What is a common adverse effect of local anesthetic agents on the central nervous system?
What is the mechanism by which local anesthetics reduce the excitability of nerve cells?
What is the mechanism by which local anesthetics reduce the excitability of nerve cells?
What is the term for the breakdown of the anesthetic by the body?
What is the term for the breakdown of the anesthetic by the body?
What is a common adverse effect of local anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system?
What is a common adverse effect of local anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system?
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Study Notes
Local Anesthetic Agents
Classification
- Ester Local Anesthetics:
- Derived from benzoic acid or para-aminobenzoic acid
- Examples: procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, cocaine
- Amide Local Anesthetics:
- Derived from aniline
- Examples: lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, articaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine
Mechanism of Action
- Block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses by:
- Inhibiting the influx of sodium ions into the nerve cell
- Reducing the rate of depolarization and repolarization
Pharmacological Properties
- Potency: The ability of an anesthetic to produce anesthesia at a given concentration
- Duration: The length of time the anesthetic remains effective
- Onset: The time it takes for the anesthetic to take effect
- Dose: The amount of anesthetic required to produce anesthesia
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: The rate and extent of absorption of the anesthetic from the site of administration
- Distribution: The distribution of the anesthetic throughout the body
- Metabolism: The breakdown of the anesthetic by the body
- Elimination: The removal of the anesthetic from the body
Clinical Considerations
- Allergic Reactions: Rare, but can occur with ester-type anesthetics
- Toxicity: Can occur with high doses or rapid injection of anesthetics
- Contraindications: Certain medical conditions, such as heart disease or epilepsy, may be contraindications for the use of certain local anesthetics
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