Living World: taxonomic categories

Chapter 1: Living World

• Specific Epithet examples include leo (lion), tigris (tiger), melongena (brinjal), nigrum (black berry), tuberosum (potato), and pardus (Leopard).
• Genus examples include Solanum (potato, tomato, brinjal, blackberry), Panthera (lion, tiger, leopard), Homo (human beings), Musca (housefly), Mangifera (mango), and Triticum (wheat).
• Family examples are Solanaceae (solanum, datura, petunia), Felidae (cats), Canidae (dogs), Hominidae (humans), Muscidae (mosquito, housefly), Anacardiaceae (cashew, pistachio), Poaceae (wheat, corn, rice), and Convolvulaceae (sweet potato).
• Order examples are Polymoniales (datura, petunia, solanum), Diptera (housefly), Sapindales (mango, cashew), and Poales (wheat).
• Class examples include Mammalia (humans), Insecta (cockroach, housefly), Dicotyledonae (plants with two cotyledons), and Monocotyledonae (plants with one cotyledon).
• Phylum (in animals) examples are Chordata (notochord containing animals).
• Division (in plants) examples are Angiospermae (flowering plants) and Arthropoda (insects).

Chapter 2: Biological Classification

• Monera (bacteria shape) can be Cocci (round), Bacillus (rod), Spirilla (spiral), or Vibrio (comma).
• Monera (Archaebacteria) includes Methanogens (gut of ruminants), Halophiles (salty areas), and Thermoacidophiles (hot springs).
• Monera (Eubacteria/blue-green algae) includes Nostoc and Anabaena.
• Monera (lacks cell wall) includes Mycoplasma.
• Protista (Chrysophytes) includes Diatoms and Desmides.
• Protista (Dinoflagellates) includes Gonyaulax.
• Protista (Euglenoids) includes Euglena.
• Protista (Amoeboid Protozoans) includes Entamoeba.
• Protista (Flagellated Protozoans) includes Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness).
• Protista (Ciliated Protozoans) includes Paramoecium.
• Protista (Sporozoans) includes Plasmodium (malaria).
• Fungi (Phycomycetes) includes Rhizopus (bread mould), Mucor, and Albugo (parasite on mustard).
• Fungi (Ascomycetes) includes Penicillin, Saccharomyces (yeast), Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora.
• Fungi (Basidiomycetes) includes Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut), and Puccinia (rust).
• Fungi (Deuteromycetes) includes Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma.

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

• Plantae (Insectivorous Plants) includes Bladderwort and Venus fly trap.
• Plantae (Parasite) includes Cuscuta.
• Viruses include the Tobacco mosaic virus and Bacteriophage.
• Virus Diseases include Mumps, Smallpox, Herpes, Influenza, and AIDS.
• Prions (Diseases) include Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.
• Phylogenetic Classification examples are Numerical taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, and Chemotaxonomy.
• Algae (Chlorophyceae) includes Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Chara.
• Algae (Phaeophyceae) includes Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, and Fucus.
• Algae (Rhodophyceae) includes Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, and Gelidium.
• Bryophytes (Liverworts) includes Marchantia.
• Bryophytes (Mosses) includes Funaria, Polytrichum, and Sphagnum.

Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

• Pteridophytes (Psilopsida) includes Psilotum.
• Pteridophytes (Lycopsida) includes Selaginella and Lycopodium.
• Pteridophytes (Sphenopsida) includes Equisetum.
• Pteridophytes (Pteropsida) includes Dryopteris, Pteris, and Adiantum.
• Gymnosperms include Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus, and Gingko.
• Angiosperms include Wolffia and Eucalyptus.
• Pteridophytes (Homosporous) includes Selaginella and Salvinia.
• Pteridophytes (Microphylls) includes Selaginella.
• Pteridophytes (Macrophylls) includes Ferns.
• Pteridophytes (with Strobila/Cones) includes Selaginella and Equisetum.
• Cellular Level of Organization includes Porifera.
• Tissue Level of Organization includes Coelenterata.
• Organ Level of Organization includes Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.
• Organ System Level of Organization includes Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
• Diploblastic animals include Coelenterata.
• Triploblastic animals range from Platyhelminthes to chordates.
• Coelomates include Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
• Pseudocoelomates include Aschelminthes.
• Acoelomates include Platyhelminthes.
• Metameric Segmentation includes Annelida.
• Porifera examples include Syncon (Scypha), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), and Euspongia (Bath sponge).
• Cnidaria examples include Physalia (Portuguese man of war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea pen), Gorgonia (Sea fan), Meandrina (Brain coral), Obelia, Hydra, and Aurelia (Jelly fish).
• Ctenophora examples include Sea walnuts (Comb jellies), Pleurobrachia, and Ctenoplana.
• Platyhelminthes examples include Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke), and Planaria.
• Aschelminthes examples include Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filarial worm), and Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
• Annelida examples include Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm), and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).
• Arthropoda examples include Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect), Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Locusta (Locust), and Limulus (King crab).
• Mollusca examples include Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell), and Chaetopleura (Chitton).
• Echinodermata examples include Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), and Ophiura (Brittle star).
• Hemichordata examples include Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.
• Urochordata (Chordata) examples include Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum.
• Cephalochordata includes Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
• Cyclostoma (Vertebrata) includes Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
• Chondrichthyes (Vertebrata - Pisces) include Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), and Trygon (Sting ray).
• Osteichthyes (Vertebrata - Pisces) include Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse), Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur), Betta (Fighting fish), and Pterophyllum (Angel fish).
• Amphibian (Vertebrata) examples include Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander), and Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
• Reptilia (Vertebrata) examples include Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), and Vipera (Viper).
• Aves (Vertebrata) examples include Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), and Neophron (Vulture).
• Mammalia (Vertebrata) examples include Ornithorhynchus, Macropus, Pteropus, and Balaenoptera.
• Oviparous (Mammalia) includes Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
• Viviparous (Mammalia) examples include Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Массаса (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), and Panthera leo (Lion).

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

• Reticulate venation found in Dicots.
• Parallel venation found in Monocots.
• Pinnately Compound Leaf examples includes Neem.
• Palmately Compound Leaf examples includes Silk cotton.
• Alternate Phyllotaxy examples include China rose, Mustard, and Sunflower.
• Opposite Phyllotaxy examples include Calotropis and Guava.
• Whorled Phyllotaxy examples includes Alstonia.
• Acropetal Succession exhibits Racemose inflorescence.
• Basipetal Succession exhibits Cymose inflorescence.
• Actinomorphic plants include Mustard, Chilli, and Datura.
• Zygomorphic plants include Pea, Gulmohar, Bean, and Cassia.
• Asymmetric plants includes Canna.
• Hypogynous plants includes Mustard, China rose, and Brinjal.
• Perigynous plants includes Plum, Rose, and Peach.
• Epigynous plants includes Guava, Cucumber, and Ray florets of sunflower.
• Valvate (Aestivation) shows Calotropis.
• Twisted (Aestivation) examples include China rose, Lady finger, and Cotton.
• Imbricate (Aestivation) examples include Cassia and Gulmohor.
• Vexillary or Papilionaceous (Aestivation) show Pea and Bean.
• Monoadelphous (Androecium) examples include China rose.
• Diadelphous (Androecium) examples includes Pea.
• Polyadelphous (Citrus) examples includes Citrus.
• Variation in Length of Filament of Stamen examples are Salvinia and Mustard.
• Apocarpous (Gynoecium) examples include Lotus and Rose.
• Syncarpous (Gynoecium) examples includes Mustard and Tomato.
• Marginal (Placentation) shows Pea.
• Parietal (Placentation) examples includes Mustard and Argemone.
• Free Central (Placentation) examples include Dianthus and Primrose.
• Axile (Placentation) examples include China rose, Tomato, and Lemon.
• Basal (Placentation) examples include Sunflower and Marigold.
• Drupe (Fruit) examples include Mango and Coconut.
• Endosperm (Seed) examples includes Castor
• Non-Endosperm (Seed) examples includes Bean, Gram and Pea.
• Solanaceae (Family Members) includes Tomato, Brinjal, Potato, Chilli, Belladonna, Ashwagandha, Tobacco, and Petunia.

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

• Dumb-bell shaped guard cells in stomata are found in Monocots.
• Bean shaped guard cells in stomata are found in Dicots.
• Open Vascular Bundle examples include Dicot root and Dicot stem.
• Closed Vascular Bundle examples include Monocot root and Monocot stem.
• Radial Vascular Bundle is found in Roots.
• Conjoint Vascular Bundle is found in Stem and Leave.
• Casparian Strips examples are found in Dicot root.
• Conjunctive Tissue examples are found in Dicot root.
• Starch Sheath examples are found in Dicot stem.
• Bulliform Cells examples are found in Isobilateral leaf/Monocot leaf.

Chapter 7: Structural Organization in Animals

• Simple Squamous Epithelium location includes Walls of blood vessels and Air sacs.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium location includes Ducts of glands and Proximal convoluted tubules of nephron and Distal convoluted tubules of nephron.
• Simple Columnar Epithelium location includes Lining of stomach and Lining of intestine.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with Microvilli location is Proximal convoluted tubule.
• Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium location is Bronchioles.
• Ciliated Columnar Epithelium location is Fallopian tubes.
• Glandular Epithelium examples are Goblet cells of alimentary canal and Salivary gland.
• Cell Junctions include Tight junctions (Stop leaking of substances), Adhering junctions (Perform cementing of neighboring cells) and Gap junction (Present between adjacent cardiac cells).
• Alveolar Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue) location is Beneath skin.
• Adipose Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue) location is Beneath skin.
• Dense Regular Connective Tissue examples are Tendons (Connect muscle to bone) and Ligaments (Connect bone to bone).
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue location is Skin.
• Cartilage (Special Connective Tissue) location includes Tip of nose, Outer ear joints, and Between adjacent bones in vertebrae.
• Bone (Special Connective Tissue) location includes Limb bones, Vertebra, Skull bones and Facial bones.
• Blood (Special Connective Tissue) location is In blood vessels.
• Skeletal Muscle (Muscular Connective Tissue) location is Attached to bone.
• Smooth Muscle (Muscular Connective Tissue) location includes Wall of internal organs such as: Blood vessels, Intestine and Stomach.
• Cardiac Muscle location is Heart.
• Neural Tissue location includes Brain and Spinal cord.

Chapter 8: Cell the Unit of Life

• Cell Theory scientists include Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
• Prokaryotic Cells include Bacteria, Blue green algae, Mycoplasma, and Pleuro pneumonia like organisms.
• Eukaryotic Cells includes Plants and Animals.
• Glycocalyx includes Slime layer and Capsule.
• Fluid Mosaic Model scientists include Singer and Nicolson.
• Endomembrane System includes Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosome and Vacuoles.
• Plastids include Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts.
• Ribosomes - 80S location is In eukaryotic ribosomes
• Ribosomes - 70S location is In prokaryotic ribosomes
• Nucleus was discovered by Flemming
• Chromosomes include Metacentric, Sub-metacentric, Acrocentric and Telocentric.

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

• Organic Constituents of Living Tissue include Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids.
• Inorganic Constituents include Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Water.
• Constituents of Proteins are Amino acids
• Amino Acids (Acidic) include Glutamic acid.
• Amino Acid (Base) includes Lysine.
• Amino Acid (Neutral) includes Valine.
• Amino Acid (Aromatic) includes Tyrosine, Tryptophan and Phenylalanine.
• Fatty Acid (16 Carbon) includes Palmitic acid.
• Fatty Acid (20 Carbon) includes Arachidonic acid.
• Phospholipid includes Lecithin.
• Nitrogen Bases (Purines) includes Adenine and Guanine.
• Nitrogen Bases (Pyrimidines) includes Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil.
• Nucleosides include Adenosine, Guanosine, Thymidine, Uridine and Cytidine.
• Nucleotides include Adenylic acid, Thymidylic acid, Guanylic acid, Uridylic acid and Cytidylic acid.
• Secondary Metabolites includes Carotenoids and Anthocyanins.
• Secondary Metabolites (Alkaloids) includes Morphine and Codeine.
• Secondary Metabolites (Terpenoids) includes Monoterpenes and Diterpenes.
• Secondary Metabolites (Essential Oils) includes Lemon grass oil.
• Secondary Metabolites (Toxins) includes Abrin and Ricin.
• Secondary Metabolites (Lectins) includes Concanavalin A.
• Secondary Metabolites (Drugs) includes Vinblastin and Curcumin.
• Secondary Metabolites (Polymeric Substances) includes Rubber, Gums and Cellulose.
• Macromolecules includes Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic acids.
• Micromolecules includes Lipids.
• Essential Amino Acids are Not found in the body.
• Non Essential Amino Acids are Found in the body.
• Most Abundant Protein in animal world is Collagen.
• Most Abundant Protein in whole biosphere is RuBisCo.
• Polysaccharides includes Glycogen (Polymer of glucose), Inulin (Polymer of fructose), Starch (Polymer of glucose) and Chitin (N-acetylglucosamine).
• Nucleic Acid includes Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid.
• Protein (Quaternary Structure) examples include Hemoglobin.
• Competitive Inhibitors examples include Inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate.
• Enzymes (Types) includes Oxidoreductase/dehydrogenase, Transferase, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases and Ligases.
• Coenzymes includes NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phophate).

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Division

• Mitosis examples include DIPLOID CELL.
• Meiosis examples include HAPLOID CELL.
• Mitosis examples include Upper layer of epidermis, Cells of the gut lining, Blood cells, Apical cambium, Lateral cambium

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

• Chlorophyll Types include Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls Carotenoids
• C4 Plants include Maize and Sorghum
• Scientists include Joseph Priestley (Role of air in photosynthesis), Jan Ingenhouz (Role of sunlight in photosynthesis), Julius Von Sachs (Evidence of glucose production during plant growth), T.W Engelmann (Described which spectrum of light is observed during photosynthesis)

Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

• Glycolysis Scientists includes Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J. Parnas
• Fermentation includes Yeast
• Krebs Cycle Scientist includes Hans Kreb
• Glycolysis Location is Cytoplasm
• Krebs Cycle Location is Mitochondria
• Electron Transport Chain occurs in Inner mitochondrial membrane

Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development

• Primary Meristems include Root apical meristem and Shoot apical meristem.
• Secondary Meristem includes Lateral meristem, Cork cambium and Vascular cambium.
• Differentiation includes Tracheary elements.
• Dedifferentiation includes Interfascicular cambium and Cork cambium.
• Plasticity includes Heterophylly in Cotton, Coriander, Larkspur and Buttercup.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Indole Compounds) include Indole-3-acetic acid.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Adenine Derivatives) include N6-furfuryl amino purine and Kinetin
• Plant Growth Regulators (Carotenoid Derivatives) include Abscisic acid.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Terpenes) include Gibberellic acid (GA3).
• Plant Growth Regulators (Gases) include Ethylene (C2H4).
• Plant Growth Promoters includes Auxins, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins.
• Plant Growth Inhibitors includes Abscisic acid (Stress hormone) and Ethylene.
• The Auxin scientist was F.W Went.
• The Gribberellic Acid scientist was E. Kurosawa.
• The Cytokinin scientist was F. Skoog.
• The Ethylene scientist was H.H Cousins.
• Natural Auxins include Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Indole butyric acid (IBA)
• Synthetic Auxins include Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D)
• Gibberellins include Gibberellic acid (GAI), Gibberellic acid (GA2) and Gibberellic acid (GA3)

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

• Respiratory Organ (Body Surface) examples include Porifera, Coelenterata, and Platyhelminthes.
• Respiratory Organ (Moist Cuticle) is used by Earthworms.
• Respiratory Organ (Tracheal Tubes) is used by Insects.
• Respiratory Organ (Specialized Vascularised Structures - Gills) is used by Aquatic arthropods and Molluscs.
• Respiratory Organ (Gills) are used by Fishes.
• Respiratory Organ (Lungs) are used by Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
• Respiratory Organ (Moist Skin - Cutaneous Respiration) is used by Frog.
• Respiratory System (Conducting Part) includes External nares, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi and Tertiary bronchi.
• Respiratory System (Respiratory Part) includes Alveoli.
• Respiratory Volume (Tidal Volume) measures 6000-8000 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Expiratory Reserve Volume) measure 1000-1100 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) measure 2500-3000 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Residual Volume) measure 1100-1200 mL.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Tissues) measures 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Atmospheric Air) measures 159 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Alveoli) measures 104 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Deoxygenated Blood) measures 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Oxygenated Blood) measures 95 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Tissues) measures 45 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Atmospheric Air) measures 0.3 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Alveoli) measures 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Deoxygenated Blood) measures 45 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Oxygenated Blood) measures 40 mmHg.

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

• Plasma Proteins include Fibrinogen, Globulins and Albumin.
• Formed Elements include Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes.
• Leukocytes (Granulocytes) include Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils.
• Leukocytes (Agranulocytes) include Monocytes and Lymphocytes.
• 2 Chambered Hearts are found in Fishes.
• 3 Chambered Hearts are found in Amphibians and Reptiles.
• 4 Chambered Hearts are found in Birds, Mmamals and Crocodiles.
• Single Circulation is found in Fishes.
• Incomplete Double Circulation is found in Amphibians and Reptiles.
• Complete Double Circulation is found in Birds and Mammals.
• Heart Rate ranges from 70-75 beats/minute.
• Average Heart Rate is 72 beats/minute.
• Cardiac Output measures 5000 mL/5 Litres.
• Cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 minutes.

Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Elimination

• Ammonotelic organisms (excrete ammonia) include Fishes, Aquatic amphibians, and Aquatic insects.
• Ureotelic organisms (excrete urea) include Mammals, Terrestrial amphibians, and Marine fishes.
• Uricotelic organisms (excrete uric acid) include Reptiles, Birds, Land snails, and Insects.
• Excretory Organs (Protonephridia/Flame Cells) are found in Platyhelminthes (Planaria), Rotifers, Annelids, and Cephalochordata (Amphioxus).
• Excretory Organs (Malpighian Tubules) are found in Insects (Cockroach).
• Excretory Organs (Antennal Gland/Green Glands) are found in Crustaceans (Prawns).
• Glomerular Filtration Rate measures 125 mL/minute or 180 liters/day.

Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

• Movement via Cilia occurs in Paramoecium.
• Movement via Tentacles occurs in Hydra.
• Movement via Streaming Protoplasm occurs in Amoeba.
• Movement via Flagella occurs in Spermatozoa, Euglena, and Sponges.
• Skeletal Muscle function is Locomotion and also Changes body posture.
• Smooth Muscle function is Transportation of food through digestive tract and Transportation of gametes through the genital tract.
• Axial Skeleton includes Skull, Vertebral column, Sternum, and Ribs.
• The Skull (Bones) contains 22 bones (8-Cranial and 14-Facial).
• There are 3 Ear Ossicles (Bone).
• There are 26 Vertebrae (7-Cervical, 12-Thoracic, 5-Lumbar, 1-Sacrum and 1-Coccyx).
• There are 12 Pairs of Ribs.
• The Upper Limb (Bones) contains 30 bones (8-Carpals, 5-Metacarpals and 14-Phalanges).
• The Lower Limb (Bones) contains 30 bones (7-Carpals, 5-Metacarpals, 1-Patella, and 14-Phalanges).
• The Pectoral Girdle (Bones) includes the Clavicle and Scapula.
• The Pelvic Girdle (Bones) includes the Hip bone.
• Appendicular Skeleton includes Limb bones, Pelvic girdle, and Pectoral girdle.
• Fibrous Joints includes Sutures (Between skull bones).
• Cartilaginous Joints are located Between adjacent vertebrae.
• Synovial Joint (Ball and Socket Type) is located Between humerus and scapula.
• Synovial Joint (Hinge Joint) is located in the Knee joint.
• Synovial Joint (Pivot Joint) is located between atlas and axis.
• Synovial Joint (Gliding Joint) is located Between Carpals.
• Synovial Joint (Saddle Joint) is located Between Carpals and Metacarpals

Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

• Neural Organisation (Network of Neurons) is found in Hydra.
• Neural Organisation (Brain + Ganglia) is found in Insects.
• Neuron (Unipolar) Location is the Embryonic stage.
• Neuron (Bipolar) Location is the Retina of eye.
• Neuron (Multipolar) Location is the Cerebral cortex.
• Meninges include Duramater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater.
• Forebrain includes Cerebrum, Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
• Midbrain includes Cerebral aqueduct and Corpora quadrigemina.
• Hindbrain includes Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum.

Chapter 19: Chemical Control and Coordination

• Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) secretes Growth hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
• Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) secretes Oxytocin and Vasopressin
• Oversecretion of Growth Hormone leads to Acromegaly
• Undersecretion of Growth Hormone leads to Gigantism
• Gonadotropins include Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone
• Undersecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone leads to Diabetes insipidus
• Pineal Gland secretes Melatonin
• Thyroid Gland secretes Tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
• Undersecretion of Thyroxine leads to Goitre
• Oversecretion of Thyroxine leads to Exophthalmic goiter (GRAVE'S DISEASE)
• Parathyroid Gland secretes Parathyroid hormone
• Thymus secretes Thymosins
• Adrenal Medulla secretes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Reticularis) secretes Androgen
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata) secretes Cortisol
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Glomerulosa) secretes Aldosterone.
• Pancreas (Alpha Cells) secrete Glucagon.
• Pancreas (Beta Cells) secrete Insulin.
• Testes produce Androgens and Testosterone.
• The ovaries produce Estrogen and Progesterone.
• The atrial wall produces Atrial natriuretic peptide.
• Juxta Glomerular Cells in Kidney produce Erythropoietin.
• Peptide hormones include Insulin, Glucagon, Pituitary hormones, Hypothalamic hormones
• Steroid hormones include Cortisol, Testosterone, Estradiol, and Progesterone.
• Iodothyronines derivative hormones include Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine.
• Amino acid derivatives include Epinephrine.
• Hypothalamus produces Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Thyrotropin releasing hormone, Corticotropin releasing hormone, Growth hormone releasing hormone, Somatostatin, Prolactin releasing hormone, Prolactin inhibiting hormone Melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone and Melanocyte stimulating hormone releasing hormone.
• Hormones with Intracellular Receptors includes Steroid hormones and Iodothyronines.