Living World: Specific Epithet, Genus and Family

Chapter 1 - Living World

• Specific Epithet: Examples include leo (lion), tigris (tiger), melongena (brinjal).
• Genus: Solanum includes potato, tomato, brinjal and blackberry.
• Genus: Panthera includes lion, tiger, leopard.
• Genus: Homo includes human beings.
• Genus: Musca includes housefly.
• Genus: Mangifera includes mango.
• Genus: Triticum includes wheat.
• Family: Solanaceae includes Solanum, Datura, Petunia.
• Family: Felidae includes cats.
• Family: Canidae includes dogs.
• Family: Hominidae includes humans.
• Family: Muscidae includes mosquito, housefly.
• Family: Anacardiaceae includes cashew, pistachio.
• Family: Poaceae includes wheat, corn, rice.
• Family: Convolvulaceae includes sweet potato.
• Order: Polymoniales includes Datura, Petunia, Solanum.
• Order: Diptera includes housefly.
• Order: Sapindales includes mango, cashew.
• Order: Poales includes wheat.
• Class: Mammalia includes humans.
• Class: Insecta includes cockroach, housefly.
• Class: Dicotyledonae includes plants with two cotyledons.
• Class: Monocotyledonae includes plants with one cotyledon.
• Phylum (animals): Chordata includes animals with a notochord.
• Division (plants): Angiospermae includes flowering plants.
• Division (plants): Arthropoda includes insects.

Chapter 2 - Biological Classification

• Monera (based on shape): Cocci (round), Bacillus (rod), Spirilla (spiral), Vibrio (comma).
• Monera (Archaebacteria): Methanogens (gut of ruminants), Halophiles (salty areas), Thermoacidophiles (hot springs).
• Monera (Eubacteria/Blue Green Algae): Nostoc, Anabaena.
• Monera: Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall.
• Protista (Chrysophytes): Diatoms and Desmids.
• Protista (Dinoflagellates): Gonyaulax.
• Protista (Euglenoids): Euglena.
• Protista (Amoeboid Protozoans): Entamoeba.
• Protista (Flagellated Protozoans): Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness).
• Protista (Ciliated Protozoans): Paramecium.
• Protista (Sporozoans): Plasmodium (malaria).
• Fungi (Phycomycetes): Rhizopus (bread mould), Mucor, Albugo (parasite on mustard).
• Fungi (Ascomycetes): Penicillium, Saccharomyces (yeast), Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora.
• Fungi (Basidiomycetes): Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut), Puccinia (rust).
• Fungi (Deuteromycetes): Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

• Plantae (Insectivorous): Bladderwort, Venus fly trap.
• Plantae (Parasite): Cuscuta.
• Viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus, Bacteriophage.
• Viral Diseases: Mumps, Smallpox, Herpes, Influenza, AIDS.
• Prions (Diseases): Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.
• Phylogenetic Classification: Numerical taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy.
• Algae (Chlorophyceae): Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara.
• Algae (Phaeophyceae): Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
• Algae (Rhodophyceae): Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.
• Bryophytes (Liverworts): Marchantia.
• Bryophytes (Mosses): Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum.
• Pteridophytes (Psilopsida): Psilotum.
• Pteridophytes (Lycopsida): Selaginella, Lycopodium.
• Pteridophytes (Sphenopsida): Equisetum.
• Pteridophytes (Pteropsida): Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum.
• Gymnosperms: Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus, Gingko.
• Angiosperms: Wolffia, Eucalyptus.
• Pteridophytes (Homosporous): Selaginella, Salvinia.
• Pteridophytes (Microphylls): Selaginella.
• Pteridophytes (Macrophylls): Ferns.
• Pteridophytes (with Strobila/Cones): Selaginella, Equisetum.

Chapter 4 - Animal Kingdom

• Cellular Level Organization: Porifera.
• Tissue Level Organization: Coelenterata.
• Organ Level Organization: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes.
• Organ System Level Organization: Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata.
• Diploblastic: Coelenterata.
• Triploblastic: Platyhelminthes to chordates.
• Coelomates: Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata.
• Pseudocoelomates: Aschelminthes.
• Acoelomates: Platyhelminthes.
• Metameric Segmentation: Annelida.
• Porifera: Syncon (Scypha), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), Euspongia (Bath sponge).
• Cnidaria: Physalia (Portuguese man of war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea pen), Gorgonia (Sea fan), Meandrina (Brain coral), Obelia, Hydra, Aurelia (Jelly fish).
• Ctenophora: Sea walnuts (Comb jellies), Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana.
• Platyhelminthes: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke), Planaria.
• Aschelminthes: Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filarial worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
• Annelida: Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm), Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).
• Arthropoda: Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect), Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Locusta (Locust), Limulus (King crab).
• Mollusca: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell), Chaetopleura (Chitton).
• Echinodermata: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Ophiura (Brittle star).
• Hemichordata: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
• Urochordata (Chordata): Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.
• Cephalochordata: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
• Cyclostoma (Vertebrata): Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish).
• Chondrichthyes (Vertebrata - Pisces): Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray).
• Osteichthyes (Vertebrata - Pisces): Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse), Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur), Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).
• Amphibian (Vertebrata): Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
• Reptilia (Vertebrata): Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).
• Aves (Vertebrata): Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).
• Mammalia (Vertebrata): Ornithorhynchus, Macropus, Pteropus, Balaenoptera.
• Oviparous Mammals: Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
• Viviparous Mammals: Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

Chapter 5 - Morphology of Flowering Plants

• Venation (Reticulate): Associated with dicots.
• Venation (Parallel): Associated with monocots.
• Pinnately Compound Leaf: Neem.
• Palmately Compound Leaf: Silk cotton.
• Alternate Phyllotaxy: China rose, Mustard, Sunflower.
• Opposite Phyllotaxy: Calotropis, Guava.
• Whorled Phyllotaxy: Alstonia.
• Acropetal Succession: Racemose inflorescence.
• Basipetal Succession: Cymose inflorescence.
• Actinomporphic Flowers: Mustard, Chilli, Datura.
• Zygomorphic Flowers: Pea, Gulmohar, Bean, Cassia.
• Asymmetric Flowers: Canna.
• Hypogynous Flowers: Mustard, China rose, Brinjal.
• Perigynous Flowers: Plum, Rose, Peach.
• Epigynous Flowers: Guava, Cucumber, Ray florets of sunflower.
• Valvate Aestivation: Calotropis.
• Twisted Aestivation: China rose, Lady finger, Cotton.
• Imbricate Aestivation: Cassia, Gulmohor.
• Vexillary or Papilionaceous Aestivation: Pea, Bean.
• Monoadelphous Androecium: China rose.
• Diadelphous Androecium: Pea.
• Polyadelphous Androecium: Citrus.
• Variation in Length of Filament of Stamen: Salvinia, Mustard.
• Apocarpous Gynoecium: Lotus, Rose.
• Syncarpous Gynoecium: Mustard, Tomato.
• Marginal Placentation: Pea.
• Parietal Placentation: Mustard, Argemone.
• Free Central Placentation: Dianthus, Primrose.
• Axile Placentation: China rose, Tomato, Lemon.
• Basal Placentation: Sunflower, Marigold.
• Drupe Fruits: Mango, Coconut.
• Endosperm Seed: Castor.
• Non-Endosperm Seed: Bean, Gram, Pea.
• Solanaceae Family Members: Tomato, Brinjal, Potato, Chilli, Belladonna, Ashwagandha, Tobacco, Petunia.

Chapter 6 - Anatomy of Flowering Plants

• Dumb-bell shaped guard cells in stomata occur in Monocots.
• Bean shaped guard cells in stomata occur in Dicots.
• Open Vascular Bundle: Dicot root, Dicot stem.
• Closed Vascular Bundle: Monocot root, Monocot stem.
• Radial Vascular Bundle: Roots.
• Conjoint Vascular Bundle: Stem, Leave.
• Casparian Strips: Dicot root.
• Conjunctive Tissue: Dicot root.
• Starch Sheath: Dicot stem.
• Bulliform Cells: Isobilateral leaf/Monocot leaf.

Chapter 7 - Structural Organization in Animal

• Simple Squamous Epithelium: Walls of blood vessels, Air sacs.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Ducts of glands, Proximal convoluted tubules of nephron.
• Simple Columnar Epithelium: Lining of stomach, Lining of intestine.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with Microvilli: Proximal convoluted tubule.
• Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium: Bronchioles.
• Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: Fallopian tubes.
• Glandular Epithelium: Goblet cells of alimentary canal, Salivary gland.
• Cell Junctions: Tight junctions (stop leaking), Adhering junctions (cementing), Gap junctions (adjacent cardiac).
• Areolar Connective Tissue: Beneath skin.
• Adipose Tissue: Beneath skin.
• Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendons (muscle to bone), Ligaments (bone to bone).
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Skin.
• Cartilage: Tip of nose, Outer ear joints, in vertebrae.
• Bone: Limb bones, Vertebra, Skull bones, Facial bones.
• Blood: In blood vessels.
• Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bone.
• Smooth Muscle: Walls of internal organs (blood vessels, intestine, stomach).
• Cardiac Muscle: Heart.
• Neural Tissue: Brain, Spinal cord.

Chapter 8 - Cell The Unit of Life

• Cell Theory: Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
• Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria, Blue green algae, Mycoplasma, Pleuro pneumonia like organisms
• Eukaryotic Cells: Plant, Animal.
• Glycocalyx: Slime layer, Capsule.
• Fluid Mosaic Model: Singer and Nicolson.
• Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, Vacuoles.
• Plastids: Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts.
• Ribosomes (80S): In eukaryotic ribosomes.
• Ribosomes (70S): In prokaryotic ribosomes.
• Nucleus (Scientist): Flemming.
• Chromosomes (Centromere Location): Metacentric, Sub-metacentric, Acrocentric, Telocentric.

Chapter 9 - Biomolecules

• Organic Constituents of Living Tissue: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
• Inorganic Constituents: Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, water.
• Constituents of Proteins: Amino acids.
• Amino acids (Acidic): Glutamic acid.
• Amino acid (Base): Lysine.
• Amino acid (Neutral): Valine.
• Amino acids (Aromatic): Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine.
• Fatty Acid (16 Carbon): Palmitic acid.
• Fatty Acid (20 Carbon): Arachidonic acid.
• Phospholipid: Lecithin.
• Nitrogen Bases (Purines): Adenine, guanine.
• Nitrogen Bases (Pyrimidines): Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil.
• Nucleosides: Adenosine, Guanosine, Thymidine, Uridine, Cytidine.
• Nucleotides: Adenylic acid, Thymidylic acid, Guanylic acid, Uridylic acid, Cytidylic acid.
• Secondary Metabolites (Pigments): Carotenoids, anthocyanins.
• Secondary Metabolites (Alkaloids): Morphine, codeine.
• Secondary Metabolites (Terpenoids): Monoterpenes, diterpenes.
• Secondary Metabolites (Essential oils): Lemon grass oil.
• Secondary Metabolites (Toxins): Abrin, ricin.
• Secondary Metabolites (Lectins): Concanavalin A.
• Secondary Metabolites (Drugs): Vinblastin, curcumin.
• Secondary Metabolites (Polymeric Substances): Rubber, gums, cellulose.
• Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
• Micromolecules: Lipids.
• Essential Amino Acids: Not found in the body.
• Non-Essential Amino Acids: Found in the body.
• Most Abundant Protein in Animal World: Collagen.
• Most Abundant Protein in Whole Biosphere: RuBisCo.
• Polysaccharides (Homopolymers): Glycogen (glucose polymer), Inulin (fructose polymer), Starch (glucose polymer), Chitin (N-acetylglucosamine).
• Nucleic Acid Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid, Ribonucleic acid.
• Protein (Quaternary structure): Hemoglobin.
• Competitive Inhibitors (Example): Succinic dehydrogenase inhibition by malonate.
• Enzyme Types: Oxidoreductase/dehydrogenase, Transferase, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases.
• Coenzymes: NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle and Division

• Mitosis (Example): Diploid cell.
• Meiosis (Example): Haploid cell.
• Mitosis (Example): Upper layer of epidermis, cells of the gut lining, blood cells, Apical cambium, lateral cambium.

Chapter 11 - Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

• Chlorophyll types: Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, carotenoids.
• C4 Plants: Maize, Sorghum.
• Scientists: Joseph Priestley (air role), Jan Ingenhousz (sunlight role), Julius Von Sachs (glucose evidence), T.W Engelmann (light spectrum).

Chapter 12 - Respiration in Plants

• Glycolysis (Scientists): Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, J. Parnas.
• Fermentation (Example): Yeast.
• Krebs Cycle (Scientist): Hans Krebs.
• Glycolysis (Location): Cytoplasm.
• Krebs Cycle (Location): Mitochondria.
• Electron Transport Chain: Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Chapter 13 - Plant Growth and Development

• Primary Meristems: Root apical meristem, Shoot apical meristem.
• Secondary Meristem: Lateral meristem, Cork cambium, Vascular cambium.
• Differentiation: Tracheary elements.
• Dedifferentiation: Interfascicular cambium, Cork cambium.
• Plasticity/ Heterophylly: Cotton, Coriander, Larkspur and Buttercup.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Indole Compounds): Indole-3-acetic acid.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Adenine Derivatives): N6-furfuryl amino purine, Kinetin.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Carotenoid Derivatives): Abscisic acid.
• Plant Growth Regulators (Terpenes): Gibberellic acid (GA3).
• Plant Growth Regulators (Gases): Ethylene (C2H4).
• Plant Growth Promoters: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins.
• Plant Growth Inhibitors: Abscisic acid, Ethylene.
• Auxin (Scientist): F.W Went.
• Gibberellic Acid (Scientist): E. Kurosawa.
• Cytokinin (Scientist): F. Skoog.
• Ethylene (Scientist): H.H Cousins.
• Natural Auxins: Indole acetic acid (IAA), Indole butyric acid (IBA).
• Synthetic Auxins: Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D).
• Gibberellins: Gibberellic acid (GA1), Gibberellic acid (GA2), Gibberellic acid (GA3).

Chapter 14 - Breathing and Exchange of Gases

• Respiratory Organ (Body Surface): Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes.
• Respiratory Organ (Moist Cuticle): Earthworms.
• Respiratory Organ (Tracheal Tubes): Insects.
• Respiratory Organ (Specialized Vascularised Structures - Gills): Aquatic arthropods, Molluscs.
• Respiratory Organ (Gills): Fishes.
• Respiratory Organ (Lungs): Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals.
• Respiratory Organ (Moist Skin - Cutaneous Respiration): Frog.
• Respiratory System (Conducting Part): External nares, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi.
• Respiratory System (Respiratory Part): Alveoli.
• Respiratory Volume (Tidal Volume): 6000-8000 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Expiratory Reserve Volume): 1000-1100 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Inspiratory Reserve Volume): 2500-3000 mL.
• Respiratory Volumes (Residual Volume): 1100-1200 mL.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Tissues): 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Atmospheric Air): 159 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Alveoli): 104 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Deoxygenated Blood): 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Oxygen (Oxygenated Blood): 95 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Tissues): 45 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Atmospheric Air): 0.3 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Alveoli): 40 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Deoxygenated Blood): 45 mmHg.
• Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Oxygenated Blood): 40 mmHg.

Chapter 15 - Body Fluids and Circulation

• Plasma Proteins: Fibrinogen, Globulins, Albumin.
• Formed Elements: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes.
• Leukocytes (Granulocytes): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
• Leukocytes (Agranulocytes): Monocytes, Lymphocytes.
• 2 Chambered Heart: Fishes.
• 3 Chambered Heart: Amphibians, Reptiles.
• 4 Chambered Heart: Birds, Mammals, Crocodiles.
• Single Circulation: Fishes.
• Incomplete Double Circulation: Amphibians, Reptiles.
• Complete Double Circulation: Birds, Mammals.
• Heart Rate (Range): 70-75 times/minute.
• Heart Rate (Average): 72 times/minute.
• Cardiac Output: 5000 mL/5 Litres.
• Cardiac Cycle (Duration): 0.8 minutes.

Chapter 16 - Excretory Products and Elimination

• Ammonotelic (Excrete ammonia): Fishes, Aquatic amphibians, Aquatic insects.
• Ureotelic (Excrete urea): Mammals, Terrestrial amphibians, Marine fishes.
• Uricotelic (Excrete uric acid): Reptiles, Birds, Land snails, Insects.
• Excretory Organs (Protonephridia/ Flame Cells): Platyhelminthes (Planaria), Rotifers, Annelids, Cephalochordata (Amphioxus).
• Excretory Organs (Malpighian Tubules): Insects (Cockroach).
• Excretory Organs (Antennal Gland/Green Glands): Crustaceans (Prawns).
• Glomerular Filtration Rate: 125 mL/minute,180 liters/day.

Chapter 17 - Locomotion and Movement

• Movement (Cilia): Paramecium.
• Movement (Tentacles): Hydra.
• Movement (Streaming Protoplasm): Amoeba.
• Movement (Flagella): Spermatozoa, Euglena, Sponges.
• Skeletal Muscle (Function): Locomotion, Change in body posture.
• Smooth Muscle (Function): Transport of food through digestive tract, transport of gametes through genital tract.
• Axial Skeleton (Example): Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs.
• Skull (Bones): 22 (8-Cranial and 14-Facial).
• Ear Ossicles (Bone): 3.
• Vertebrae (Bones): 26 (7-Cervical, 12-Thoracic, 5-Lumbar, I-Sacrum and I-Coccyx).
• Ribs (Bones): 12 pairs.
• Upper Limb (Bones): 30 (8-Carpals, 5-Metacarpals and 14-Phalanges).
• Lower Limb (Bones): 30 (7-Carpals, 5-Metacarpals, I-Patella and 14-Phalanges).
• Pectoral Girdle (Bones): Clavicle and Scapula.
• Pelvic Girdle (Bones): Hip bone.
• Appendicular Skeleton (Bones): Limb bones, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle.
• Fibrous Joints: Sutures (between skull bones).
• Cartilaginous Joints: Between adjacent vertebrae.
• Synovial Joint (Ball and Socket Type): Between humerus and scapula.
• Synovial Joint (Hinge Joint): Knee joint.
• Synovial Joint (Pivot Joint): Between atlas and axis.
• Synovial Joint (Gliding Joint): Between carpals.
• Synovial Joint (Saddle Joint): Between carpals and metacarpals.

Chapter 18 - Neural Control and Coordination

• Neural Organisation (Network of Neurons): Hydra.
• Neural Organisation (Brain + Ganglia): Insects.
• Neuron (Unipolar) (Location): Embryonic stage.
• Neuron (Bipolar) (Location): Retina of eye.
• Neuron (Multipolar) (Location): Cerebral cortex.
• Meninges (Types): Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater.
• Forebrain (Types): Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
• Midbrain (Types): Cerebral aqueduct, Corpora quadrigemina.
• Hindbrain (Types): Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum.

Chapter 19 - Chemical Control and Coordination

• Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis): Growth hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
• Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis): Oxytocin, Vasopressin.
• Oversecretion of Growth Hormone: Acromegaly.
• Undersecretion of Growth Hormone: Gigantism.
• Gonadotropins (Hormone): Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.
• Undersecretion Of Antidiuretic Hormone: Diabetes Insipidus.
• Pineal Gland Hormone: Melatonin.
• Thyroid Gland Hormone: Tetraiodothyronine/Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine.
• Undersecretion of Thyroxine: Goitre.
• Oversecretion of Thyroxine: Exophthalmic goiter (grave's disease).
• Parathyroid Gland Hormone: Parathyroid hormone.
• Thymus Gland Hormone: Thymosins.
• Adrenal Medulla Hormone: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine.
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Reticularis): Androgen.
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata): Cortisol.
• Adrenal Cortex (Zona Glomerulosa): Aldosterone.
• Pancreas (Alpha Cells): Glucagon.
• Pancreas (Beta Cells): Insulin
• Testes (Hormones): Androgens, Testosterone.
• Ovary (Hormones): Estrogen, Progesterone.
• Atrial Wall (Hormones): Atrial natriuretic peptide.
• Juxta Glomerular Cells of Kidney (Hormones): Erythropoietin.
• Peptide Hormones Polypeptide Hormones: Inulin, Glucagon, Pituitary hormones, Hypothalamic hormones.
• Steroid Hormones: Cortisol, Testosterone, Estradiol, Progesterone.
• Iodothyronines Derivatives: Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine.
• Amino Acid Derivatives Hormone: Epinephrine
• Hypothalamus (Hormones): Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Thyrotropin releasing hormone, Corticotropin releasing hormone, Growth hormone releasing hormone, Somatostatin, Prolactin releasing hormone, Prolactin inhibiting hormone, Melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone, Melanocyte stimulating hormone releasing hormone.
• Hormones With Intracellular Receptors: Steroid hormones, Iodothyronines.

Chapter 1 - Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

• Male Reproductive Organ: Androecium.
• Female Reproductive Organ: Gynoecium.
• Androecium (Bundle of Stamens) Parts: Anther, Filament.
• Two Celled Pollen Grain Parts: Vegetative cell, Generative cell.
• Three Celled Pollen Grain Parts: One vegetative cell, Two male gametes.
• Pollen Allergy (Example): Parthenium or carrot grass.
• Pollen Grain Viability (30 Minutes): Rice, Wheat.
• Pollen Grain Viability (30 Months): Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae.
• Embryo Sac (Female Gametophyte) Parts: Three antipodals, one central cell, two synergids, One egg.
• Pollination (Autogamy): Viola (Common pansy), Oxalis, Commelina.
• Pollination (Wind Pollination): Corn cob, Grasses.
• Pollination (Water Pollination): Vallisneria, Hydrilla, Zostera, Algae, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes.
• Pollination (Insect Pollination): Water hyacinth, water lily, Most of the land plants, Amorphophallus, Yucca.
• Pollinating Agents (Types): Wind, Water, Animals.
• Pollinating Agents (Animals): Lemurs, Rodents, Gecko lizard, Garden lizard, Flies, Beetles, Bees, Butterflies, Wasps, Ants, Moths, Sunbird, Hummingbird.
• Endospermic Seeds/Albuminous Seeds: Castor, Coconut, Wheat, Maize, Barley.
• Non Endospermic Seeds/Exalbuminous Seeds: Pea, Groundnut, Beans.
• Free Nuclear Endosperm: Coconut water.
• Cellular Endosperm: Kernel.
• Endospermic Seeds With Persistent Nucellus (Perisperm): Black pepper, Beet.
• Fleshy Fruits (Examples): Guava, Orange, Mango.
• Dry Fruits (Examples): Groundnut, Mustard.
• False Fruits (Examples): Apple, Strawberry, Cashew.
• Parthenocarpic or Seedless Fruits: Banana.
• Dormancy of 10000 Years: Lupinus arcticus seed.
• 2000 Year Old Viable Seed: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
• Fruits With Large Number of Seeds: Orobanche, Striga, Ficus.
• Apomixis: Asteraceae and grasses.
• Polyembryony: Citrus, Mango.

Chapter 2 - Human Reproduction

• Primary Reproductive Organ (Male): Testis.
• Male Accessory Ducts: Rete testis, Vasa efferentia, Epididymis, Vas deferens.
• Male Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicle, Prostate, Bulbourethral glands.
• Male External Genitalia: Penis, Scrotum.
• Primary Reproductive Organ (Female): Ovaries.
• Female Accessory Ducts: Oviduct or fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina.
• Fallopian Tubes (Parts): Isthmus, Ampulla, Infundibulum.
• Female External Genitalia: Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Hymen.
• Sperm (Parts): Head, Neck, Middle piece, Tail.
• Menstrual Cycle (Average Length): 28-29 days.
• Placental Hormones: Human chorionic gonadotropin, Human placental lactogen, Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin.
• Gonadotropins: Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone.
• Testicular Hormones: Testosterone.
• Ovarian Hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone.

Chapter 3 - Reproductive Health

• Family Planning Initiative (Year): 1951
• Amniocentesis (Genetic Disorders Directed): Down syndrome, Hemophilia, Sickle cell anemia
• Saheli Oral Contraceptive Drug: Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow.
• World Population (1900): 2 Billion.
• World Population (2000): 6 Billion.
• World Population (2011): 7.2 Billion.
• Indian Population (1947): 350 Million.
• Indian Population (2000): 1 Billion.
• Indian Population (2011): 1.2 Billion.
• Population Growth Rate (2011): 2%.
• Marriageable Age (Female): 18 Years.
• Marriageable (Male): 21 Years.
• Natural Methods of Contraception: Periodic abstinence, Coitus interruptus/withdrawal, Lactational amenorrhea.
• Barrier Methods of Contraception: Condoms, Diaphragms, Cervical caps, Vaults.
• Intrauterine Devices: Non medicated IUD - Lippe's loop, Copper releasing IUD - CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375, Hormone releasing IUD - Progestasert, LNG-20.
• Oral Contraceptive Pills: Combined oral contraceptive pills, Progesterone only pills, Progesterone/estrogen-progesterone combined implants.
• Non Steroidal Oral Contraceptive: Saheli
• Sterilization: Vasectomy, Tubectomy.
• Side Effects Of Contraception: Nausea, Abdominal pain, Breakthrough bleeding, Irregular menstrual bleeding, Breast cancer.
• Medical Terminations of Pregnancy Performed Per Year: 45-50 Million.
• Legalization of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Year): 1971.
• Safe MTP Period: 12 Weeks.
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Venereal Diseases / Reproducti