Living in the IT Era: ICT Evolution

• Study Guide in GEE 1 - LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

• Module provides an overview of current developments in IT
• It helps understand how technology changes and affects life
• Learners can measure their understanding through activities

Module Learning Objectives

• Understand the evolution of technology
• Explain technology's use in different societal aspects
• Discuss technology's impact in various specializations
• Identify current trends in technology

Information and Communications Technology: Its Evolution and Practical Use in Everyday Life

• Information and Communications Technology (ICT) describes technologies for manipulating and communicating information
• It relates to modern telecommunication systems and intensive computing use
• ICT relies on increased communication between computers via telecommunications infrastructure
• Telecommunications has shifted from analog to digital and packet technologies
• The Internet has become a dominant data communications system

ICT Development

• ICT development is characterized by rapid technological progress and lower prices
• It ensures technology can be applied throughout the economy at low cost
• Advances in technology and constant innovation have caused commoditization of key technologies in the digital economy
• Successful products tend to have solidified features, making changes difficult for original producers

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution had a sweeping impact on people's daily lives
• It began in 18th-century Great Britain
• Technical innovation brought an array of new tools and machines
• It involved practical improvements in labor, production, and resource use
• "Technology" (from Greek "techne," meaning art or craft) encompasses both innovation dimensions
• The technological revolution began before the 18th century and continues
• The Industrial Revolution uniquely merged technology with industry
• Key inventions and innovations shaped existing sectors and created new industries

The Impact of Steam Power / Steam Engine during the Industrial Revolution

• The steam engine broke onto the scene in the early 1700s
• Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the first modern steam engine known as the "atmospheric steam engine"
• Newcomen's invention was first applied to power machines pumping water out of mine shafts
• In the 1760s, James Watt improved Newcomen's models with a separate water condenser for greater efficiency
• Watt and Matthew Boulton invented a steam engine with rotary motion
• This allowed steam power to spread across British industries like flour, paper, and cotton mills, iron works, distilleries, waterworks, and canals
• Steam power allowed miners to extract more coal as steam engines needed coal
• The demand for coal skyrocketed for factories, railroads, and steamships

Transportation During the Industrial Revolution

• Increased agricultural and manufactured goods output led to the need for efficient delivery
• Europe improved overland roads
• Canals were constructed in Europe and North America
• Steam engines were recognized as useful in locomotion
• Steamboats emerged in the early 19th century
• High-pressure steam engines powered railroad locomotives operating in Britain after 1825
• Railways spread across Europe and North America and extended to Asia in the late 19th century
• Railroads became leading industries as they expanded industrial society

Communication and Banking in the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution saw key advances in communication methods
• People increasingly needed efficient communication over long distances
• In 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system
• Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on versions in the United States
• Cooke and Wheatstone's system was used for railroad signaling
• The speed of new trains created a need for more sophisticated communication
• Banks and industrial financiers rose to prominence while a factory system reliant on owners and managers emerged
• A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s
• The New York Stock Exchange was founded in the early 1790s

Textile and Factory System

• The production of fabrics, especially cotton, was fundamental to Britain's economic development between 1750 and 1850
• Cotton production shifted from small-scale cottage industry to mechanized, factory-based industry
• The productivity boom began with technical devices like the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and power loom
• Human, water, and steam power were applied to operate power looms, carding machines, and other equipment
• The cotton gin, invented in the United States in 1793, spurred increased cotton cultivation and export from U.S. slave states

The Information Revolution and the Digital Economy

• Advances in computing and communications promise to transform global society in the 21st century
• The increased capability to access, process, analyze, and transmit data is a major force in technological innovation and determinant of economic health
• Information technologies have remolded existing and created new industries
• Cheap yet powerful computers have expanded information access and simultaneously placed privacy at risk
• Military programs require integration of computing and communication activities

Computer Chips and ICT

• Computer chips have become widely diffused and ICT is a pervasive infra-technology
• Past predictions about technology were simplistic exaggerations
• Reliance on computer systems is constantly growing
• ICT's pervasiveness is a direct effect of increasing user-friendliness, powerfulness, flexibility, reliability, and affordability
• The merging of computers, communications, and consumer electronics defines that virtuous circle
• Contemporary microelectronics, new materials, better algorithms and software, and more efficient architectures have led to increases in computational power at decreasing costs

Some Technology Developments can Be Foreseen

• Exponential growth in computing power will continue for at least another 10 to 15 years, reaching silicon technology limits by about 2015
• "Moore's Law” states that the density of transistors on integrated circuits doubles about every 18 months since 1965
• There will be a continuing convergence of voice and data communications, and another jump in available bandwidth
• Developments will be characterized by
• Seamless data, voice, video sharing
• Near-universal connectivity
• Application convergence through the Internet Protocol (IP)
• Widespread moderately wideband wireless
• Optical, multiwave lines and switches
• Significant data storage density increases

Product Developments

• Product developments will allow Information Devices to be Ubiquitous, Wearable, and in Continuous Contact
• Expect diverse, powerful, inexpensive sensors, and devices capable of wireless communication
• These include tiny video cameras, MEMS microphones, accelerometers, gyros, GPS receivers, smell sensors, food spoilage sensors, biosensors, and polymer-based sensors
• Computing and information systems will become more ubiquitous with convergence of wireless telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), radio, voice and email messaging, and smart home appliances
• Wearable computers will become important informational aids along with sensing technology
• Display products will undergo dramatic improvement
• Synergies between bio-, nano-, and silicon technologies are expected to result in "electronic paper" displays and large-screen, flat-panel displays

Services Developments

• Services Developments will Greatly Extend Access to, and the Usefulness of, Information Systems
• There is a major shift from products to services
• Businesses see products as components of a broader service
• Information technologies are central to this new business model

1. Kiosks Can Provide Easy Access to Some Information Services

• Machine translation and speech recognition could allow widespread kiosk deployment
• Users could voice questions and the Internet could provide answers
• Kiosks could provide on-demand information tailored to needs, communication in terms of maps and pictures, and locally stored information

2. Entertainment Will Be at the Leading Edge of Novel Information Services

• Entertainment will likely lead in business-to-business e-commerce
• These information utilities will become backbones supporting lifelong learning and specialized training
• Products and services expected to play a role
  • Multiperson computer-based games
  • Web-mediated physical activity
  • Ubiquitous webcams
  • Interactions with people of different cultures aided by translation programs
  • The ability to view athletic events from almost any vantage point
  • Video glasses
  • Pornography
  • Music and movies on demand
  • E-books

3. Information Services Will Play an Increasing Role in Health Care and Telemedicine

• Health care services will increasingly be influenced by "telemedicine,"
• IT mediates some or all of the services
• The opportunity to access information and actual care increases the gap between rich and poor societies
• This is because high, reliable bandwidth is often required
• Some benefits from the information revolution will accrue to poorer countries from their better access to information and training materials
• Health benefits will be better (computationally intensive) modeling of the interactions of molecules, allowing the tailoring of drugs

4. Online Education Will Have Increasing, but Specialized, Effects

• The greatest impact of the information revolution is in lifetime learning and specialized training
• Few regulatory constraints burden these areas
• Keen competition exists among providers
• Inertia, entrenched unions, unfamiliarity with technology, equipment costs, and political interference present barriers to adoption of new IT-based teaching techniques

5. Micropayment Schemes Will Emerge to Handle Small Online Payments

• Micropayments will be important in allowing e-commerce services to charge small amounts for services like reading a document
• Micropayment services are likely to cause restructuring of businesses, toward “pay per use"
• These services may expand commerce to entrepreneurs providing access to specialized information

Practical Use of ICT in Everyday Life

1. e-Services

• e-Services can be received online without leaving home such as:
  • Online banking
  • e-Commerce
  • e-Governance
  • Online purchase of plane tickets, insurance, declaration of place of residence, vehicle registration, etc

2. Online Learning

• Teachers and students do not necessarily have to be together in time and place

  • Advantages

    • The student and the teacher are not tied to a specific location
    • Study materials based on Internet technologies boast multimedia qualities
    • Lower costs
    • Possibility to switch over to full-time studies
    • Suitable for persons with movement disorders
    • Flexible scheduling of lectures

  • Disadvantage

    • The student has no personal contact with the teacher

3. Telework

• Telecommuting or telework substitutes physical commuting to a workplace with working from home

• Information is sent with electronic communications and Internet technologies In spite of the many advantages

  • Advantages

    • An e-mail message can be sent to many recipients at once
    • A message can have one or several file attachments
    • Users can access their e-mail account from any computer connected to the Internet
    • No paper needed
    • Very low direct and indirect costs
    • Messages can be received on mobile devices.

  • Disadvantages

    • The advantages of e-mail are also used by spammers and computer viruses
    • Attached files can contain viruses

  • Instant Messaging

    • Instant messaging differs from e-mail in real-time online communication
    • Messages can contain files

  • VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

    • The VoIP technology has been developed for voice telephony services in computer networks and on the Internet

  • Blog

    • A blog or web log is an Internet site where a user or organization posts information on a topic (or topics)

  • Podcast

    • Podcasting means downloading specially prepared audio files

  • Virtual Communities

• A virtual community is a public (social) online network created by using the Internet environment and technologies such as:

  • Internet forums for sharing opinions and discussing various topics
  • Online chat rooms
  • Online multiplayer games

• Social networking services such as providing users with the possibility to post information about them, upload videos and publish photos

The Web and the Internet

• The module provides an overview of how the internet works
• It gives a glimpse of how websites change over time and how these changes influence life

Module Learning Objectives

• Understand the broad aspects of the Internet and its uses
• Explain the services offered by the Internet
• Discuss the evolution of the World Wide Web
• Introduce the ethical issues pertaining to Internet privacy

Introduction to Internet

• Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
• It consists of interconnected networks using standardized protocols
• Companies, governments, universities, and other organizations manage computer networks that communicate through the Internet
• Cables, data centers, routers, servers, repeaters, satellites, and Wi-Fi towers enable the Internet
• The most fundamental function of the Internet is to pass electronic information from one computer to another
• The Internet uses the TCP/IP suite of protocols that allow numerous computers to integrate into one network with efficient communication
• Users can access information on various host computers from devices

Services offered through the Internet

• Internet Services grants access to information, graphics, sound and software over the internet

• Communication Services offers exchange of information with individuals or groups

  • Electronic Mail is used to send electronic message over the internet

  • Telnet is used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to the internet

  • Newsgroup offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests

  • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) allows people from all over the world to communicate in real time

  • Mailing Lists is used to organize groups of internet users to share common information through e-mail

  • Internet Telephony (VoIP) allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the call

    • Instant Messaging
    • Offers real time chat between individuals and groups of people

  • Information Retrieval Services offer easy access to information present on the internet

    • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) enables users to transfer files
    • Archie is updated database of public FTP sites and their content and help to search by file name
    • Gopher is used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites
    • Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved (VERONICA) allows access to gopher servers

  • Web Services allow exchange of information between applications on the web

    • Utility Computing refers to utility computing technologies or a business model for consumers with charges by consumption

  • World Wide Web (WWW) offers a way to access documents spread over servers over the internet

    • User can find texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks, on documents

Evolution of the World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web is online content formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP
• It is technically all pages, videos, pictures accessible via a web browser
• The World Wide Web was first created to navigate the system of connected computers
• Tim Berners-Lee designed it
• The WWW is what most people think of as the internet, but the internet allows email and web access

Web 1.0 v Static Websites

• Web 1.0 refers to the websites in the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution
• Early web had few content creators in Web 1.0 who were consumers of content
• Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages
• Web 1.0 banned advertisements of the websites and on surfing and content delivery
• Web 1.0 could be used as personal websites
• Web 1.0 has directories which enable user to retrieve a particular piece of information

Web 2.0 v Social Networking Websites

• Web 2.0 refers to highlighting user-generated content, usability and interoperability
• Web 2.0 is called participative social web an modification in the way Web pages are designed and used
• Web 2.0 allows Interaction and collaboration with each other in a social media dialogue as creator of user-generated content
• AJAX and JavaScript frameworks are included
• AJAX and JavaScript frameworks have become a means of creating web 2.0 sites
• A Web 2.0 site would have the five major features
• Free sorting of information allows classifify retrieval
• Dynamic content on a user that responsive to user input
• The site owners and users communicate through means of evaluating
• APIs allow for self-usage

Usage of Web 2.0

• The social Web contains online tools and platforms where people share their perspectives, opinions, thoughts and experiences
• Web 2.0 applications tend to interact more with the end user and have eight types given below
• Podcasting
• Blogging
• Tagging
• Curating with RSS
• Social bookmarking
• Social networking
• Social media
• Web content voting

Web 3.0 Semantic Websites

• It refers the evolution of web utilization and interaction including altering the Web into a database
• Web 3.0 used to describe evolutions to web usage and interaction among several paths
• The data is not owned or shared, where services show different views
• The Semantic Web should establish "the world's information" as it is used by machine conception
• Use a language to reason about information and make new conclusions
• Web 3.0 is defined by the following:
  • Connectivity
  • Ubiquity to access

Ethical Issue va A Glimpse of Privacy

• A common referall to Internet Privacy or online privacy is a subset of data privacy and an essential human right
• When personal is displayed, kept or regarding yourself on the internet, should have an entitlement
  • tracking
  • surveillance
  • theft

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE

• Is an essential building block of society
• Becomes the driving force behind social development
• Module will contain discussions on digital technology and its role in social change

Module Learning Outcomes

• Explain the role of ICT in social change
• Understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and imminent threats of the digital age
• Articulate definitions of complex issues, such as technology, social progress, and digitalization

Learning Content (Introduction To The Digital Age)

• The Digital Age is large amounts of information made available to digital computers

Origins of the Digital Age (1947-1969)

• In the 1940s to the late 1960s, transistors and integrated chips were invented
• Moore's Law has been used as a guide for digital advancements of semiconductor and electronics companies

Invention of the Internet and the Introduction of Personal Computers (1969-1989)

• Packet-switched networks were developed in the late 1960s to the early 1970s
• Made its way into homes, schools, and businesses; Automated teller machines and industrial robots were used in banking & finance and in fabrication companies
• Video games and electronic music became popular with the youth; mobile phones and digital cameras were used

Invention of The World Wide Web (1989-2005)

• In 1989, the World Wide Web was invented which because publicly accessible in 1991
• In the 2000s Text messaging became a cultural phenomenon at this time

Social Media And Web 2.0 (2005-Present)

• In 2005, the population of the Internet reached 1 billion in 2020 with 67% of the world's population connected

Learning Content (The ICT And Its Role In Social Change)

• An information society has ICT as the main driver of rapid information growth
• Social change include the following:

Social Construction Of Technology (SCOT)

• States technology does not determine human action, rather human action shapes technology

Social Shaping Of Technology (SST)

• States technology is not neutral, and is shaped by society, political and economic values

Verbeek stated

• Technology already has an impact on our moral decision-making, impacting human agency, privacy, and autonomy

Social Media And Its Role In Social Change

• The usage of social media has grown dramatically
• Has been focused on facilitating social interaction networking, as linking friends
• Use social media for societal change, political activity, has potential to be essential
• Networking in Philippines has extensive uses

Learning Content (Global Digital Development)

• Research, development, and deployment of digital technologies for sustainable development

ICT Infrastructure For Digital Development

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) facilitates the improvement of telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world

MSMEs And ICTs

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) make use of digital technology

Learning Content (Technological Change)

• Technological change (TC) creating, innovating, and disseminating technologies or processes

Invention Of Technologies

• When new technologies invented, they are utility patents

Commercialization or open-source release through research and development (producing emerging technologies)

• Open-source release allows user to use the product
• One of the prominent organizations is the Linux

Continuous technological improvement (often resulting in lower costs)

• Through technological innovation to create new or better products

Technology dissemination throughout industry or society

• The spread of technology in the industry, and in the society

Learning Content (Social Evolution)

• Information Technology has the potential to promote social empowerment and transformation

Indicators For Community Empowerment (Through ICT Use)

• Social Capabilities strengthened by improving access

###Overview of Ethics

• Module will discuss the overview of ethics by defining ethics
• identifying values and attitudes anchored to ethics, the different ethical principles, and its application, as well as the different forms of ethical theories.

###Module Learning Objectives

• Define ethics, values, and attitude
• Discuss the different ethical principles
• Differentiate the forms of ethical theories

###Learning Contents (Ethics, Values, and Attitude)

• What is Ethics? Standard behavior with human behavior and it have direct impact on human values and Attitudes
• Values Worthy things that someone believes in
• Attitudes A person's belief that influence values

###LEARNING CONTENTS (Ethical Principles)

• Ethical principle recommendations and evaluations of human actions
• -Beneflcence an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation
• -Least Harmon a duty that a someone protects people and has competence
• -Respect for Autonomy respect and promote individuals that are achieving what is for the best for them
• -Justice Fairly treat everyone involved equally

###LEARNING CONTENTS (Forms of Ethical Theories)

• -Ethical Theories Ethical Theories guide ethically correct solutions
• -Deontology Duties to adhere to in ethical conflicts
• -Utilitarianism Predicts Consequences of actions Two Types of Utilitarianism:

1. Act Utilitarianism – adheres precisely the definition of utilitarianism that stick to the action that benefit the most people that disregard constraints
2. Rule Utilitarianism values beneficiaries with justice and fairness

• -Rights Established by society and given high protection
• --Virtue People do not veer in ways

###Ethical Issues in Digital Age

• As data become available over the internet, ethical issues arise as well
• Digital age makes our data vulnerable to different types of ethical issues

###MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Identify the different ethical issues in the digital age
• Describe the threats posed by hackers, fraud, piracy, and internet pornography
• Identity the different types of theft
• Discuss the copyright infringement
• Discuss the freedom of expression and online defamation

###LEARNING CONTENTS (Ethical Issues in Digital Age) a). Privacy

• the law stated that a is the right of every people to make personal decisions and live their lives that is secluded from public scrutiny in a reasonable manner.

###Types of Privacy Invasion a) Intrusion into seclusion - refers to the intrusion on other person's private affairs intentionally b) Appropriation of name or likeness – it refers to the act of using the name and likeness of other person publicly without authorization for his/her own benefit such as trading and advertising purposes. c) Public disclosure of private facts. d) Placing a person in a false light act of stating information base on opinion

###Hacking The act of gaining unauthorized access to data using a system or any digital devices Three Formats of Hacking and Definition

• Black-hat hacker —access to private networks for the purpose of private advantage.
• White-hat hacker call attention to flaws in security to be fixed.
• Gray-hat hacker

###Types of tools that are different e) Key-logging software f) Packet-sniffing software g) Port-scanning software h) Social Engineering i) Dumpster diving ###Theft Another ethical concern is theft Type: Identity theft ###Copyright Infringement

• Using someone's work with getting approval from them
• Using copyrighted work without permission Federis Intellectual Property Law ###Freedom of Expression and Online Defamation "Freedom of expression is the right to search, receive, and impart information of your choice ###Statement of Online Defamation and Action to take a) Libel b) Slander ###Actions of Piracy
• Illegal copying, use, and distribution
• Pirating or Plagiarism ###Fraud
• Wrongful deception ###Internet Pornography
• Representing Sexual Behavior
• Is prohibited however its accessible and may cause children harm