Living Environment Midterm Review Guide
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Questions and Answers

Name two things that this student is doing incorrectly.

  • The test tube is not angled away from the student, and they have their face too close to the test tube. (correct)
  • The student is holding the test tube over a hot plate, and the test tube is not angled away from the student.
  • The student is not wearing safety goggles, and the test tube is not angled away from the student. (correct)
  • The student is not wearing safety goggles, and they have their face too close to the test tube.

Name one thing that the student should not put into this test tube while heating it and explain why.

The student should not put a cork stopper into the test tube while heating it. A cork stopper is made of organic material that can vaporize, and this vapor can be flammable. Therefore, it's important to use heat-resistant materials such as rubber stoppers or heat-resistant glass stoppers to avoid potential fires and accidents.

What is the length of leaf A? ____ cm ____ mm

6.0 cm 60 mm

What is the difference in length between leaf A and leaf B? ____ mm

<p>17 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the curved surface of the liquid called?

<p>Meniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reading of the graduated cylinder? ____ ml

<p>4.5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water should be added to the graduated cylinder so the volume of the water reaches 21 mL? ____ mL

<p>16.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell is circular.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell probably cannot perform photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Theory = A general statement supported by scientific observations based on observation and research. Should be written in an If ... then statement. It should never be a QUESTION! Hypothesis = A statement that is based on a theory and can be tested through experimentation. Control Group = The group that receives the experimental treatment or is kept under conditions that do not change. Experimental Group = The group(s) that receive the experimental treatment. Independent Variable = The factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment. Dependent Variable = The factor that is measured or observed in an experiment. Constants = The factors that remain the same throughout the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the general steps of the scientific method.

<p>The general steps of the scientific method are: 1) Ask a question 2) Form a hypothesis 3) Design and conduct an experiment 4) Analyze the data 5) Draw conclusions 6) Report the findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a good experiment? (Select all that apply)

<p>A good experiment tests only one variable at a time. (A), A good experiment should use a large sample size. (B), A good experiment can be repeated by other scientists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in this experiment?

<p>The independent variable is whether the corn seedlings are exposed to light or not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three possible constants in this experiment?

<p>Three possible constants in this experiment are: temperature, the amount of water available to the seedlings, and the type of soil used for planting. By keeping these factors constant, the researchers can minimize the influence of confounding variables and ensure that the differences in growth direction are primarily due to the presence or absence of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does increasing validity in an experiment generally mean?

<p>Increasing validity in an experiment generally means strengthening the reliability and trustworthiness of the research findings. This involves minimizing errors, controlling for confounding variables, and ensuring that the results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other influencing factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the number of weeks increases, what happens to the number of seeds that germinate?

<p>As the number of weeks increases, the number of seeds that germinate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the procedure on the left?

<p>The procedure on the left is the process of cleaning the microscope slide. It involves wiping the slide gently with a paper towel to remove any dust, debris, or fingerprints that might interfere with the observation of a specimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do we add stain to a cell?

<p>Staining a cell helps enhance the visibility of cell structures and components under a microscope. Certain parts of the cells are transparent and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding medium. A stain selectively binds to specific components of the cell, making them more visible and easier to observe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of leaf A?

<p>5 cm or 50 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in length between leaf A and leaf B?

<p>1.5 cm or 15 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reading of the graduated cylinder?

<p>4 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water should be added to the graduated cylinder so the volume of the water reaches 21 mL?

<p>17 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

A general statement supported by scientific observations.

<p>Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on observation and research. Should be written in an If ... then statement. * It should never be a QUESTION!*

<p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The group that receives the experimental treatment or is kept under "conditions"

<p>Control Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

The group(s) that receives the experimental treatment

<p>Experimental Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What "I" Change

<p>Independent Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

“Data

<p>Dependent Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors that remain the same between the groups

<p>Constants</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the general steps of the scientific method: (Select all that apply)

<p>form a hypothesis (A), perform the experiment and draw conclusions (B), ask a question (C), create an experiment (D), report your results (peer review) (E), analyze the data (F), record and modify experiment (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a good experiment?

<p>Characteristics of a good experiment include a clear hypothesis, a well-designed experiment with a control group and experimental groups, an appropriate sample size, and a repeatable procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increase/Decrease the sample size/test subjects. (Circle one)

<p>Increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perform the experiment over a shorter/longer period of time. (Circle one)

<p>Longer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Independent Variable

<p>The amount of light exposure (ultraviolet or total darkness)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Possible Constants (3)

<p>Three possible constants include the type of mold spores used, the temperature at which both groups are grown, and any other environmental factors that could influence mold growth, such as humidity or nutrient availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increasing Validity?

<p>An experiment’s validity can be increased by using a larger sample size (more mold spores), repeating the experiment to verify the results, and minimizing any potential sources of error or bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relationship: As

<p>As the weeks progress the height of the plant increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The image is too dark! Which part should you adjust?

<p>The diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the eyepiece is 10x, what is the maximum magnification this microscope can have?

<p>430x</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the microscope image when you move the objective from low to high power? It gets (darker/brighter) and the field of view gets (smaller/larger)

<p>darker/smaller (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of the procedure on the left:

<p>This procedure demonstrates how to properly clean a microscope lens. It is important to clean the lenses to ensure optimal quality of the image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the parts of the microscope

<p>Light Source (A), Diaphragm (B), Coarse Adjustment (C), Stage (D), Fine adjustment (E), Eyepiece (ocular) (F), Objective Lens (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Record the appropriate letter using the parts of the microscope above:

<p>Used to obtain a clearer image (A), Is usually 10x (B), Used when calculating total magnification (C), Used to project light upward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the Field of View in micrometers?

<p>4000 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of one cell?

<p>1000 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the FOV was 3mm, what is the FOV in micrometers?

<p>3000 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the student most likely do to obtain view B?

<p>applied a biological stain to the slide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is organic?

<p>Group A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why!

<p>Organic compounds always contain carbon. The elements found in group A (C, H, and O) all contain carbon. The elements in group B (Na, Cl, N, and H) do not contain carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human body is made up of inorganic compounds?

<p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic Macromolecule

<p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Building Blocks

<p>Monosaccharides (simple sugars)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two Examples

<p>Glucose and starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

One Function

<p>Provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simpleâž” complex describes the process of (synthesis/digestion) (circle one).

<p>synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complex → simple describes the process of (synthesis/digestion) (circle one).

<p>digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process (synthesis or digestion) is shown below? Support your answer:

<p>Synthesis: This diagram demonstrates the combination of smaller molecules (A) to form larger molecules (C and D).</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the picture above, if A is a Starch, what is C and D?

<p>C is maltose and D is glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the building blocks in the picture above are amino acids, which macromolecule is produced?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

An enzyme is a type of (carbohydrate/protein) that carries out chemical reactions inside of cells

<p>protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

& are the 2 types of reactions that enzymes carry out

<p>Synthesis and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

An enzyme's shape should (change/stay the same) throughout a chemical reaction

<p>Stay the Same (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

And are two factors that can change an enzyme's shape

<p>Temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Means that an enzyme has changed shape & (can/cannot) function.

<p>Cannot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each enzyme catalyzes (one/many) chemical reactions

<p>Many (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes (decrease/increase) the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs

<p>Increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are also known as (organic/inorganic) or (living/biological) catalysts

<p>organic/living (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is structure X?

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to molecule X if the temperature or pH changed?

<p>If the temperature or pH is too high or too low, the enzyme's shape could change. This would affect the enzyme's ability to bind to the starch molecule (X), leading to a slower rate of digestion or perhaps no digestion at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pH of 1-6 =

<p>Acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum pH of enzyme: A:

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pH do none of the enzymes work?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes work best at a neutral pH?

<p>Enzyme B and D work at a neutral pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes would work best in an acidic environment?

<p>Enzymes A and C would work best in an acidic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pH do both enzymes B and C function?

<p>About pH 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Biology?

The study of life.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

What is an organism?

A living thing made up of one or more cells.

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What is a cell?

The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life processes.

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What is digestion?

The process of breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules.

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What is synthesis?

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler molecules.

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What is respiration?

The process of releasing energy from food molecules.

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What is homeostasis?

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment.

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What is reproduction?

The process of producing new organisms of the same type.

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What is a scientific theory?

A statement that explains a wide range of observations and is supported by evidence.

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What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction that can be supported or refuted.

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What is an independent variable?

The variable that is intentionally changed in an experiment.

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What is a dependent variable?

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

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What is a control group?

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment.

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What is an experimental group?

A group in an experiment that receives the treatment.

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What are constants?

Factors that are kept the same in all groups of an experiment.

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What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element.

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What is a compound?

A substance made up of two or more different types of atoms.

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What is an organic molecule?

A molecule that is made up of carbon atoms bonded to other atoms.

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What is a polymer?

A large molecule that is made up of smaller repeating units called monomers.

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What is a monosaccharide?

The basic unit of a carbohydrate.

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What is a polysaccharide?

A large molecule that is made up of many monosaccharide units.

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What is a protein?

A large molecule that is made up of many amino acid units.

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What is a nucleic acid?

A large molecule that is made up of many nucleotide units.

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What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

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What is DNA replication?

The process of copying DNA.

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What is transcription?

The process of making RNA from DNA.

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What is translation?

The process of making proteins from RNA.

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Study Notes

Living Environment Regents Midterm Review Guide

  • The midterm exam is worth 10% of the final grade.
  • The exam will cover Units 1-4.
  • Review the midterm study guide.
  • Complete the optional Midterm Castle Learning Review (extra practice).
  • Review Unit 1-4 class tests/quizzes, Canvas notes, and handouts.
  • Optional extra practice questions are included in the review packet.
  • Answer key to practice questions will be posted on Canvas.
  • The test format is 80 multiple choice questions.

Unit 1 Topics: Scientific Inquiry

  • Safety: Includes proper lab safety procedures. (Illustrative images of incorrect lab procedures included in the text).
  • Measurement & Equipment: Includes using rulers and graduated cylinders and identifying terms like length, width, and volume. (Includes example questions on measuring objects).
  • Observation & Inference: Differentiating observations (what you can see) from inferences (what you can assume or conclude).
  • Scientific Method: Knowledge of variables (independent and dependent) and the steps of the scientific method. (Example questions about the steps).
  • Graphing: Interpreting graphs, graphing data, etc. (Includes example practice questions).
  • Microscopes: Parts, functions, and magnification calculations. (Detailed image of microscope part labeling included).

Unit 2 Topics: Biochemistry & The Cell

  • Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds: Distinguishing differences between inorganic and organic compounds. (Chart in the text outlining different examples of each).
  • Macromolecules: Different types of macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
  • Enzymes: Role of enzymes in reactions; understanding the substrate and active site. Diagrams about enzymes.
  • Life Processes: General life processes that take place in all living organisms. (Explanation of different metabolic processes including their descriptions, definitions and their example of simple to complex and complex to simple are included).
  • Cell Theory: Key concepts of the cell theory.
  • The Cell and Cell Organelles: Key components.

Unit 3 Topics: Cell Processes

  • Cell Membrane & Cell Transport: The function and structure of the cell membrane, including passive and active transport types.
  • NYS Diffusion through a Membrane Lab: Experimental procedures for understanding the factors that influence the diffusion of substances across a membrane (including molecules like iodine, glucose and starch).
  • Photosynthesis: Knowledge of the overall process of photosynthesis, including required reactants, produced products, and the location within the cell.
  • Stomate & Guard Cells: Structures that regulate gas exchange and control water loss in plants.
  • Cellular Respiration: Functions, reactants, products, and cellular locations. (Comparison to photosynthesis).

Unit 4 Topics: Molecular Genetics

  • DNA Structure & Function: The structure of DNA including bases, how it is arranged, and function.
  • DNA Replication: Detailed description of the steps involved in DNA replication.
  • Protein Synthesis (Transcription & Translation): The steps in transcription and translation, including the relevant molecules involved such as DNA, RNA, and amino acids. (Comparison between RNA and DNA is included).
  • Mutations: Different types of mutations and their impact on offspring.
  • Gene Expression: How different genes are expressed in different cells or organisms.

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LER Midterm Review 2024 PDF

Description

Prepare for your Living Environment Regents midterm exam with this comprehensive review guide. It covers topics from Units 1-4, including scientific inquiry, safety procedures, measurement, and the scientific method. Utilize the additional resources provided, such as practice questions and answer keys, to ensure you are well-prepared.

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