LER Midterm Review 2024 PDF

Name: ___________________________ Date: ___________________ LIVING ENVIRONMENT REGENTS MIDTERM REVIEW GUIDE Date & Time: Tuesday 1/23/24 @ 8:15 am Bring: #2 pencils Where:...

Name: ___________________________ Date: ___________________ LIVING ENVIRONMENT REGENTS MIDTERM REVIEW GUIDE Date & Time: Tuesday 1/23/24 @ 8:15 am Bring: #2 pencils Where: HIGH SCHOOL GYM ** This exam is worth 10% of your final grade ** The Midterm will cover the following topics: UNIT 1 TOPICS: Scientific Inquiry How to Study:  Safety  Measurement & Equipment  Observation & Inference 1) REVIEW this midterm study guide!  Scientific Method  Graphing  Microscopes 2) OPTIONAL: Complete Midterm Castle Learning Review (does not count towards your grade but is additional practice) UNIT 2 TOPICS: Biochemistry & The Cell  Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds  Macromolecules 3) REVIEW all Unit 1 -4 in class tests/quizzes, Canvas notes and handouts  Enzymes  Life Processes  Cell Theory 4) OPTIONAL: Extra practice questions in the back of this review packet  The Cell and Cell Organelles UNIT 3 TOPICS: Cell Processes *Answer key for packet will be posted on canvas  Cell Membrane & Cell Transport  NYS Diffusion through a Membrane Lab  Photosynthesis Test Format:  Stomate & Guard Cell 80 Multiple Choice Questions  Cellular Respiration  Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration UNIT 4 TOPICS: Molecular Genetics  DNA Structure & Function  DNA Replication  Protein Synthesis (Transcription & Translation)  Mutations  Gene Expression UNIT 1 TOPICS: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY I. Safety 1. Name two things that this student is doing incorrectly 2. Name one thing that the student should not put into this test tube while heating it and explain why II. Measurement & Equipment 3. What is the length of leaf A? ________ cm ________ mm 4. What is the length of leaf B ? ________ cm ________ mm 5. What is the difference in length between leaf A and leaf B? _________ mm 7. What is the curved surface of the liquid called? __________________ 6. Name one thing that the student should not put into this test tube while 8. What is the reading of heating it and explain the graduated why cylinder? _______ mL 9. How much water should be added to the graduated cylinder so the volume of the water reaches 21 mL? ________ mL III. Observation & Inference Directions: Write “O” if the statement is an observation or “I” if the statement is an inference. 10. ________ The cell is circular. 11. ________ The cell probably cannot perform photosynthesis. IV. Scientific Method 12. Scientific Method Vocab: a. Theory: A general statement supported by ___________ scientific observations b. Hypothesis: A ______________________ based on observation and research. Should be written in an If … then … statement. ** It should never be a QUESTION!** c. Control Group: the group that _________________ receive the experimental treatment or is kept under “________________________” conditions d. Experimental Group: The group(s) that ________________ receive the experimental treatment e. Independent Variable: What “I” Change f. Dependent Variable: “Data” g. Constants: factors that remain the ______________________ between the groups 13. List the general steps of the scientific method: ask a _____________________________________  form a _________________________________________  create an _______________________  perfom the ___________________________________  record and organize the ___________ analyze the ______________________ and draw _____________________________________  ________________________or modify the experiment  report your ________________________ (peer review). 14. What are the characteristics of a good experiment? a. _____________________________ the experiment! b. Increase/Decrease the sample size/test subjects. (Circle one) c. Perform the experiment over a shorter/longer period of time. (Circle one) 15. Regents Practice: a. Independent Variable- _______________________________________ b. Dependent Variable- _______________________________________ c. Possible constants (3) ________________________________________ ________________________________________ d. Increasing validity? ________________________________________ V. Graphing 16. Determining Independent and Dependent Variable Independent Variable: ____________________________________ Dependent Variable: ____________________________________ Independent Variable: ____________________________________ Dependent Variable: ____________________________________ Relationship: As _____________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ VI. Microscopes 25. The image is too dark! Which part should you adjust? _______ 26. If the eyepiece is 10x, what is the maximum magnification this microscope can have? ____________________ 27. What happens to the microscope image when you move the objective from low to high power? It gets (darker/brighter) and the field of view gets (smaller/larger) …. Circle one 28. Explain the purpose of the procedure on the left: 29. Why do we add stain to a cell? 30. Explain the purpose of the procedure on the left:  23. Identify the parts of the microscope Letter Part of the microscope A B B C D E F G G 24. Record the appropriate letter using the parts of the microscope above: a. Used to obtain a clearer image: _________ b. Used when calculating total magnification: _________ & ________ c. Used to project light upward: : _________ d. Is usually 10x: : _________ 25. What is the size of the Field of View in micrometers? 26. What is the size of one cell? 27. If the FOV was 3mm, what is the FOV in micrometers? 25. UNIT 2 TOPICS: BIOCHEMISTRY & THE CELL VII. Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds 1. Complete the chart below to describe inorganic and organic compounds INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS CONTAINED EXAMPLES (GIVE 2) 2. Which group is organic? _______ 3. Which group is inorganic? ______ 4. Explain why! 5. What percentage of the human body is made up of inorganic compounds? _______% 6. What percentage of the human body is made up of organic compounds? _______% VIII. Macromolecules 7. Fill out the Chart below and on the next page to describe the four main organic macromolecules. Organic Building Blocks Two examples One function Macromolecule 1) Carbohydrate 2) Amino Acids Stores and passes on genetic 3) Nucleic Acids information IX. Enzymes 8. Simple complex describes the process of (synthesis/digestion) (circle one). 9. Complex  simple describes the process of (synthesis/digestion) (circle one). 10. Which process (synthesis or digestion) is shown below? Support your answer: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. In the picture above, if A is a Starch, what is C and D? 12. Which process (synthesis or digestion) is shown below? Support your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. If the building blocks in the picture above are amino acids, which macromolecule is produced? _______________ 14. Complete each statement about enzymes by circling the correct answer in parenthesis or filling in the blank a. An enzyme is a type of (carbohydrate/protein) that carries out chemical reactions inside of cells b. ___________________ & _________________ are the 2 types of reactions that enzymes carry out c. An enzyme’s shape should (change/stay the same) throughout a chemical reaction d. _________________and ___________________ are two factors that can change an enzyme’s shape e. _________________________ means that an enzyme has changed shape & (can/cannot) function. f. Each enzyme catalyzes (one/many) chemical reactions g. Enzymes (decrease/increase) the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs h. Enzymes are also known as (organic/inorganic) or (living/biological) catalysts 15. A) What is structure X? __________________________________ Starch Y Explain why: B) What is structure Y? ____________________________________ Explain why: D) What would happen to molecule X is the temperature or pH changed? 18. A pH of 1-6 = _______________________ 19. A pH of 7 = _________________________ 20. A pH of 8-14 = ______________________ 21. What is the optimum pH of enzyme:  A: ________  B: ________  C: ________  D: ________ 22. Which pH do none of the enzymes work? ______ 23. Which enzymes work best at a neutral pH? ____________ 24. Which enzymes would work best in an acidic environment? __________ 25. Which enzymes would work best in a basic environment? ____________ 26. Which pH do both enzymes B and C function? ____________________ X. Life Processes Match the following definitions to the correct vocabulary terms on the right Definition Vocab 26. ______ the life process by which organisms produce new organisms of the same type A. Cell 27. ______ an organisms reaction to a change in the external or internal B. Metabolism environment 28. ______ all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an C. Homeostasis organism 29. ______ the life process which is the removal of all wastes produced by D. Reproduction the cells of the body E. Nutrition 30. ______ the life process which is the absorption and circulation of materials within an organism. F. Transport 31. ______ the process that breaks down large food molecules into simpler molecules that the organism can use G. Digestion 32. ______ a life process that involves combining simple substances into H. Synthesis more complex substances 33. ______ the life process in which nutrients are broken apart, releasing the I. Respiration chemical energy stored within them 34. ______ an life process which is the increase in the size or number of J. Growth cells K. Excretion 35. ______ any change in the environment that causes an organism to react 36. ______ the basic unit of structure and function that makes up all L. Stimuli organisms 37. ______ the life process of providing or obtaining the food necessary M. Response for health and growth 38. ______ the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes 39. List the four main characteristics of life. a) 3. b) 4. 40. Although a cloud can grow in size, release materials from it and sometimes form more clouds, it is nonliving. Explain 3 reasons why clouds are nonliving. a. b. c. XI. Cell Theory 42. Which diagram best represents organization in multicellular 41. Complete the flow chart below to explain the levels of organization organisms? in a multicellular organism: ___________________  cells  ____________________  ____________________  ____________________  organism 43. Which of the following is not a component of the cell theory? a) All living things are made of cells b) All cells have a cell wall c) All cells come from preexisting cells d) All cells contain DNA XII. The Cell and Cell Organelles 44. Directions: Complete the chart below by recording the name of the organelle that matches the key words. Organelle Key words to associate with that organelle Transport, jelly-like Control Center, coordination, DNA Cellular Respiration, ATP, energy Structure, protection, cellulose, plant cells Transport, lipids Photosynthesis, glucose, plant cells, sunlight, creates organic molecules (glucose) Proteins, amino acids, enzymes Storage, food, water & wastes 45. Animal Cells Plant Cells Animal vs. Plant Cells Only Only  Compare animal and plant cells by completing the T-chart to the right.  Identify which type of cells X and Y are to the right. Write the cell type under the cell  46. Identify the structures in the cell Identify the structures in the cell Identify the structures in the cell diagram above. diagram above. diagram above. 1. ____________________ A. ____________________ A. ____________________ 2. ____________________ B. ____________________ B. ____________________ 3. ____________________ C. ____________________ C. ____________________ 4. ____________________ D. ____________________ D. ____________________ Is this a plant or animal cell? Is this a plant or animal cell? Is this a plant or animal cell? UNIT 3 TOPICS: CELLULAR PROCESSES XIII. Cell Membrane & Cell Transport 1. Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? a) It transports molecules in and out of the cell through diffusion and active transport b) It responds to and sends chemical messages to other cells c) It protects the cell from harmful substances entering the cell d) Acts as a boundary between the internal cell environment and external environment 2. Identify the components of the cell membrane A ____________________ B ____________________ 3. The cell membrane has receptor molecules where hormones and other chemical messengers attach to Cell 3  Which hormone can fit the receptors of cell 1? ______  Which hormone can fit the receptors of cell 2? ______  Draw the cell receptors on cell 3 that would fit hormone B.  4. Identify the types of cell transport below:  _______________: the movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (a type of passive transport). It does not require any ATP  _______________: the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (a type of passive transport). It does not require any ATP  _______________: requires energy (ATP) and moves molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration XIV. NYS Diffusion through a Membrane Lab 5. Identify the size of the molecules below:  Iodine = _______________  Glucose = ______________  Starch = ________________ 6. Complete the indicator chart below: INDICATORS COLOR OF WHAT DOES IT WHAT COLOR CHANGE INDICATOR ALONE INDICATE? HAPPENS DURING INDICATION? Starch Indicator (Iodine) Glucose Indicator (Benedicts) 7. Complete the diagram below by showing the distribution of molecules I, G and S in diagram B. Also indicate the color of the cell and the color of the water in the beaker for each diagram. Cell Color= _________________ Cell Color = _________________ Outside water color=__________ Outside water color =__________ 8. Which molecule(s) were able to move in and out of the cell? _________________ Why?_____________________ 9. Which molecule(s) were not able to move in & out of the cell? _______________ Why? _____________________ 10.  What solution is cell A in?  What solution was added to cell A to get cell B?  What happened to the water inside of cell A when the solution was added?  How do you get cell B back to normal? XV. Photosynthesis 11. Complete the chart below based on your knowledge of photosynthesis: Formula Reactants Energy Source Products Who Where When Why 12. Identify the substances that are entering and leaving the chloroplast. 13. Identify Structure A: 14. What materials would be entering structure A? _______________________________________ 15. State what would happen to the amount of oxygen bubbles at night. Why does this occur? ____________________________________________ __________________________ __________________ XVI. Plant Structure & Adaptations (Stomate & Guard Cell) 16. What structure is represented by the letter “X”? _______________ 17. What substance would enter X? ____________________________ 18. What substances would leave X? 19. What structures are represented by the letter “X”? _____________________ 20. These cells regulate the opening and closing of __________________. How does this help to maintain homeostasis? __________________________________________________________________ XVII. Cellular Respiration 21. Complete the chart below based on your knowledge of photosynthesis: Formula Reactants Energy Source Products Who Where When Why 22. Identify the substances that are entering and leaving the mitochondria. XVIII. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration 23. Which process is represented in the diagram to the right? _______________________________________________ 24. Identify the organelle the “box” represents. _______________________________________________ 25. Which process is represented in the diagram to the right? _______________________________________________ 26. Based on the diagram on the right…. A= ____________________________________________ D= ____________________________________________ B= _____________________________________________ C= _____________________________________________ 27. Which process is represented in the diagram to the right? A= _________________________________________ B= _________________________________________ C= _________________________________________ D= _________________________________________  28. A = B= C= UNIT 4 TOPICS: GENETICS XIX. DNA Structure & Function 1. Write the correct term in the boxes below: 1. The passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction 2. Thick, threadlike structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA 3. A segment of DNA (on a chromosome) that contains the code for a specific trait 4. A characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring through the genes 2. Place the following terms in the 3. Place the following terms in the correct correct locations on the diagram below: locations on the diagram below: Gene, DNA, Chromosome, Cell Nucleus, gene, DNA, Chromosome, Cell 4. Fill in appropriate bases below: 6. Draw a Nucleotide below. Label the phosphate, sugar and base. 5. What type of bond is holding the base pairs together? ___________________ Are they weak or strong? __________ XX. DNA Replication 7. DNA Replication: 8. Why does DNA replication occur? 1. DNA untwists __________________________ 2. Unzips between nitrogenous bases (H bonds break) 3. New nucleotides are added __________________________ 4. Two identical strands are produced ______ XXI. Protein Synthesis (Transcription & Translation) 9. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA # of Strands Sugar Bases Found 10. Compare and contrast transcription and translation below: Transcription Translation  ____________  ___________  ____________  ___________  Occurs in the _________________  Occurs at the _____________________ 11. Fill in the sentence below with the following terms: amino acids, shape, bases, traits, function The sequence of _______________ determines the sequence of ___________________ in a protein which determines the ______________ of a protein which determines the __________________ of a protein which determines the ______________ of an organism 12. Fill in the boxes below: 12. A = B=  Complete the chart below. DNA Strand GAT TCG GAA TTA TAG GGC mRNA Strand Amino acid sequence XXII. Mutations 13. Complete the chart below What is a mutation? A _______________ in the DNA sequence When do mutations occur? During DNA ____________________ X-rays, radiation and chemicals are examples of… 1. ATTGCTAGCC ATTGGTAGCC = ___________________________ What are the 4 types of mutations that can occur? 2. ATTGCTAGCC ATTGTCTAGCC = __________________________ 3. ATTGCTAGCC ATGCTAGCC = _____________________________ 4. ATTGCTAGCC ATCGTTAGCC = ____________________________ Where does a mutation have to occur in order to be passed onto offspring? XXIII. Gene Expression  How does the DNA compare? ______________ 19.  How are the cells able to perform such different functions? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 20. __________________ factors can alter the expression of genes 21. 22. Practice Questions 1 (Scientific Method) Practice Questions 2 (Life Functions) Practice Questions 3 (Biochemistry & Enzymes) Practice Questions 4 (Cells & Cell Transport) Practice Questions 5 (Photosynthesis & Respiration) Practice Questions 6 (Genetics)