Livestock: Breeds and Terminology

Livestock Basics

• Livestock includes farm animals raised for use, pleasure, or profit
• Key characteristic is economic importance to humans as a source of meat, milk, wool, etc

Livestock Animals

• Common livestock animals include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, carabaos/buffalo, horses, donkeys, mules, llamas, and camels

Cattle Terminology

• Cattle refers to domesticated mammals of the genus Bos
• Bovine refers to terms relating to cattle
• Bovidae is the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals
• B. taurus refers to temperate cattle without humps
• B. indicus refers to tropical cattle with humps
• Aurochs signifies the ancestor of modern cattle

Cattle Animal Age Terminology

• Bull denotes an intact male bovine one year old and above
• Cow signifies a female bovine that has had a calf
• Calf marks a young bovine from birth to 3-4 months, until weaning
• Heifer labels a female bovine that has not had a calf within 8 months
• Steer signifies a castrated male bovine, a future ox, less than 4 years old
• Ox indicates a castrated bull trained to work and is at least 4 years old

Carabao Terminology

• Carabao labels domesticated mammals of the genus Bubalus
• Bubalus is the genus of carabao
• Bovidae is the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals
• B. carabanesis signifies swamp type buffalo
• B. bubalis signifies water type buffalo

Carabao Animal Age Terminology

• Carabull signifies an intact male carabao, one year old and above
• Caracow labels a female carabao that has had a calf and is less than 1 year old
• Caracalf indicates a young carabao from birth to 3-4 months, until weaning
• Caraheifer denotes a female carabao that has not had a calf within 8 months
• Carasteer labels a castrated male carabao before sexual maturity

Goat Terminology

• Goat signifies domesticated mammals of the genus Capra
• Caprine signifies terms relating to goats
• Bovidae denotes the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals
• Capra hircus is the scientific name for goat

Goat Animal Age Terminology

• Buck labels an intact male caprine one year old and above
• Doe signifies a female caprine that has had a kid and is more than 1 year old
• Kid indicates a young caprine from birth to 3-4 months, until weaning

Sheep Terminology

• Sheep signifies domesticated mammals of the genus Ovis
• Ovine refers to terms relating to sheep
• Bovidae describes the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals
• Ovis aries is the scientific name of sheep

Sheep Animal Age Terminology

• Ram denotes an intact male ovine one year old and above
• Ewe signifies a female ovine that has had a lamb and is more than 1 year old
• Lamb refers to a young ovine from birth to 3-4 months, until weaning; it can also refer to the meat of young sheep
• Wether designates a castrated male sheep or goat

Swine Terminology

• Swine signifies domesticated mammals of the genus Sus
• Porcine indicates terms relating to swine/pig
• Suidae indicates the biological family of artiodactyl mammals commonly called pigs, hogs, and boars
• Sus domesticus is the scientific name of domesticated pig
• Sus scrofa is the scientific name of wild pig

Swine Animal Age Terminology

• Boar labels an intact male porcine one year old and above
• Sow identifies a female porcine that has had a piglet and is more than 1 year old
• Piglet refers to a young porcine from birth to 21-28 days, when weaning occurs
• Gilt describes a female swine that has not given birth
• Feeder/fattening pig labels a young pig, most often between 40-70lbs
• Hogs labels a mature swine with an adult weight above 150 pounds

Breeding Terminology

• Coupling signifies a term used for mating of swine animals
• Tupping signifies a term used for mating of sheep
• Serving signifies a term used for mating of goats, cattle, or carabao

Act of Giving Birth

• Parturition denotes a general term for the act of giving birth to young animals
• Lambing refers to act of giving birth of an ewe
• Kidding signifies the act of giving birth of a doe
• Farrowing marks the act of giving birth of a sow
• Calving labels the act of giving birth of a cow
• Caracalving describes the action of giving birth of a carabao

Female Reproductive Terminology

• Estrus identifies the heat period of female animals
• Gestation relates to pregnancy, where animals successfully conceive
• Parturition describes the act of giving birth to young animals
• Lactation period is when the female parent is producing milk for its offspring
• Dry period is when the female is not producing milk, preparing for breeding

Poultry Overview

• Poultry includes domesticated birds kept by humans for their meats, eggs, or feathers
• Used for meat, eggs, etc, and have great economic importance to humans
• Fowl such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are considered poultry

Lists of Poultry

• Common poultry animals include chicken, quail, duck, turkey, pigeon, geese, swan, ostrich, peafowl, pheasant, and guinea fowl

Chicken Terminology

• Chicken signifies domesticated poultry species of the genus Gallus
• Avian labels terms relating to fowl animals
• Fowl is a collective term for all feathered animals
• Galliformes classifies an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes landfowl
• Anseriformes indicates an order of birds, also known as waterfowl
• Columbiformes signifies a cosmopolitan order of land birds with four unwebbed toes, short legs, and small heads
• Passeriformes defines an order of birds characterized by the perching habit; it's the dominant avian group on earth
• Struthioniformes describes birds with small wings, strong legs, most species are good runners, and are omnivores

Poultry Classification

• The classification of poultry are as follows:
  • Anseriformes: Duck, Muscovy Duck, Goose, Swan
  • Galliformes: Chicken, Turkey, Guinea Fowl, Peafowl, Pheasant, Quail
  • Columbiformes: Pigeon
  • Passeriformes: Canaries
  • Struthioniformes (Ratites): Ostrich, Emus, Rheas

Chicken Animal Age Teminology

• Rooster signifies an adult male chicken one year old and above
• Hen defines an adult female chicken that has had chicks, eight months and above
• Chicks indicates newly hatched chicken up to the end of the brooding period
• Cockerel signals a male chicken below one year old
• Pullet labels a female chicken that has not yet produced chicks, but is ready to produce eggs at six to eight months
• Capon describes male chickens that have been castrated and harvested at 4-8 months old

Contribution of Poultry and Livestock Animals to Humans

• Used as a source of food such as: meat, eggs etc.
• Used as clothing such as wool, leather, fur etc.
• Used for power with horses, oxen, donkeys etc.
• Used for recreation such as pleasure horses, livestock shows, rodeo etc.
• Experimental animals for animal research, medicine, genetics etc.

Livestock Farming

• Conventional livestock farming (industrial agriculture) is the dominant method of raising animals for food, emphasizing efficiency and scale while often valuing profit more than animal welfare and environmental sustainability
• Intensive confinement, antibiotics and hormones routine use, and restricted pasture access are key characteristics

Sustainable Production Management

• Mechanization and Technology: Conventional farming relies heavily on machinery and technology to increase productivity and reduce labor costs, includes automated feeding systems, milking machines, and specialized breeding techniques
• High-Yielding Breeds: Farmers often use breeds specifically selected for rapid growth and high production, potentially leading to health problems for the animals
• Precision farming (PLF) uses advanced technologies to optimize each animal's contribution; precision livestock farming is made possible by recognizing each individual animal
• Agriculture 4.0 is implementing digital technologies and high-tech equipment in the agricultural sector
  • Incorporates the evolution of precision farming; actions in agriculture are performed based on the accurate analysis of data and information, collected and transmitted through advanced tools and technology
• Increases economic, environmental, and social sustainability, and profitability

Agriculture Challenges

• The agriculture business is facing several challenges:
  • Increasing demographics will increase demand for food
  • Current allocation of natural resources and their applications are highly strained
  • Climate change affecting productivity in agriculture
  • Massive food waste challenges market efficiency and creates environmental threat
  • Overall result is poverty and hunger

Livestock Farm Management

• Breeding consists of information on the genetic stock of the animal and all things related to animals regarding vaccinations, diseases, and pregnancies
• For recording photos and body measurements on various dates, individual records include support for electronic identification devices
• A pedigree shows sires and dams

Importance Of Technology

• Herd management software provides details about various categories of animals, such as males, females, lactating animals, etc
• Records are also automatically made on selection and if an animal is sold

Livestock Information

• Feeding details, concentrate feed, and compounding
• Complete health records
• Reminders for tasks such as veterinarian appointments
• Income and expenses
• Can make balance sheets and reports
• All names, addresses, and business related locations are listed in one place

Software Advantages

• Software helps organize livestock farms
• Software is equipped with 5 types of data security
• Reminder about certain scheduled activities
• Generates data and reports for daily, monthly, etc
• Easy data extraction for evaluation

Animal Evaluation

• Data from herd management software is easily analyzed
• Management facilitates the implementation of new technologies like advanced machine milking etc
• Helps increase efficiency and decrease the number of livestock for substantial results

Disease Diagnosis

• Diagnostic technology has made strides with technology
• Some diagnostic examples:
• Image Intensifier TV System
• Ultrasound
• Tomography
• Nuclear Scintigraphy
• Aparoscopy
• Pulse Oxymetry

Economic Factors

• Reasons for a lack of good indigenous software
• Reliable connectivity in rural locations
• A lack of management awareness
• No computer awareness

More Economic Factors

• Farmers do not benefit from complicated technology
• Door to door technology is limited

Biology Of Fowl: Digestive System

• Mouth: Includes beak, no teeth; uses tongue to push food back
• Salivary glands: Contains salivary glands, enzymes, etc.
  • Salivary amylase is the first step in chemical digestion in fowl
• Salivary glands are less developed in chickens
  • Secrete mucus to soften feeds
  • Chickens have around 300 taste buds
• Cleft Palate
  • Reason why chickens can't swallow food
  • Contains Choanal cleft
• Esophagus
  • Connects tubes from mouth to the rest of the system
  • Two sections: Cervical and Thoracic
• Crop
  • Used to store food; secretes mucus
  • Mixes with water
  • Is about 12 hours for food to stay here
  • Soften foods during storage
• Proventriculus
  • Known as true stomach
  • Secretes Hydrochloric Acid
  • Secretes Pepsin
  • Contains glandular tissue
  • Secretes pepsin and hormone Gastrin

Gizzard, Intestine, and Spleen

• Gizzard
  • Contains 2 parts smooth muscles
  • Grinds feed
• Small Intestine
  • Produces enzymes
  • Doesn't produce lactase to digest lactose
  • Has Doudenum function as part of the liver; bile
• Contains a pancreas in the center
• Enzymes breakdown and release insulin.
• The spleen is involved as antibody production

Large Intestine, Liver, & Ceca

• Large intestine
  • Absorbs water and dries out foods
• Liver
  • Metabolism and digestion
• Ceca
  • Microflora helps undigested material
• Reabsorbs water

Clocoa & Species

• Clocoa
  • Common exit point for reproductive and urinary tracts
  • Helps absorb moisture
• Poultry originates back to ancient flying reptiles known as Archaeotteryx

Domesticated Species Types

• Examples includes turkey egg weight 85g,
• Swan at 285g, Ostrich at 1400g

Domesticated Breeds From Wild Species

• Chickens come from fowls based back in Asia
• Came from wild and green jungle fowls

Types Of Chicken

• Red jungle fowl is a tropical one that ranges in Asia
• Endemic to India is the Grey jungle fowl
• Sri Lanka fowl is from Galliformes
• Green jungle fowls are from Java and Indonesia

Chicken Genetics & Standard Classifications

• Classified depending on geographic origin. Exs:
  • American and Asiatic breeds

Breed Classifications

• Types of Breeds:
  • American breeds for both egg and meat purposes
  • Asiatic breeds that are large and feathered
  • Mediterranean breeds known to be smaller
  • English breeds used for meat purposes

Breed Types Utilized

• Utilities:
  • Egg types known for production
  • Meat Types for efficient mean production
  • Dual Types for both
  • Fancy types for decorative purposes
  • Game for fighting fowl

Origin By Region

• Chicken genetics depend on the region of the countries

Production And Classifications

• Production
  • Business is broken into 3
  • Breeding farms utilize parents to create future chick production
  • Egg Farms for raising pullets
  • Broiler farms for stocks purposes

Important Industries

• Support:
  • Feed milling for most poultry
  • Very important production segments for drug and pharmaceutical reasons
  • Farm production for the right devices needs

Production Methods

• Production comes from breeding & growing methods
• Housing management with litter
• Raising chickens requires precise methods to achieve temperature and success

Brooding Aspects

• To have requirements to have:
  • Heating sources to prevent away straying
  • Heat supplies with care
• Successful brooding depends on dryness sanitation, and feed techniques

Brooding Expectations For Success

• Have feet be staright
• Chicks are fast
• Requires a great temperature
• Ventilation methods

Feeding Chicks

• Require cleaning and sanitation
• Water and feed should be easy to locate
• Requires sugar and vitamins too

Poultry Production Methods

• Composed of various
  • Is needed by species like chickes
• The growing requires less artificial light and good conditions

Layer Flock Management

• In housing units that are warm and safe
• Daily activity from livestock

Work Management Aspects

• Layer has to have dietary composition
• Sanitation as a requirement must have clean drinking water
• Collection and cleaning done daily

Chicken Aspects

• Various breeds
  • Needs careful attention
  • Light controls for production
  • Excess or dead animals are culled

Timeline

• Timeline includes egg development to time of hatch

Species Aspects

• Precocial animals have more active behaviors
• Altricial have more protective needs

Egg Development

• After ovulation, the ovum then enters the tube system

Composition Of Egg

• Has 12% of total weight on outer covering
• Has components of protein, liquids, and fats

Albumen And Chalaza Traits

• Albumen/ egg white and most of the liquid weight
• Ropey strands exist with outer white

Egg Value

• Has a great value with vitamin content
• Helps give complete food as it increases proteins
• Egg quality has shell quality traits for interior and shell

Grading Scales For Value

• Grade A has great qualities from firm to defect elements