Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cells, found in the liver, are responsible for removing bacteria from the portal venous blood?

  • Chief cells
  • Kupffer cells (correct)
  • Parietal cells
  • Goblet cells

A CT scan can be performed with or without which of the following?

  • Sedation
  • Muscle relaxant
  • Contrast medium (correct)
  • Anesthesia

What is the approximate amount of bile secreted by the liver per day?

  • 500 to 1000 mL (correct)
  • 50 to 100 mL
  • 5000 to 6000 mL
  • 2000 to 3000 mL

What is the primary purpose of a liver biopsy?

<p>To obtain a tissue sample for examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elevated levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) typically indicate which condition?

<p>Biliary obstruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gallbladder?

<p>Storing and concentrating bile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

<p>Cystic duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Prothrombin Time assess?

<p>Liver damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT)?

<p>7-40 U/mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme, secreted by the pancreas, is responsible for digesting fats?

<p>Lipase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The serum ammonia level assesses the ability of the liver to do what?

<p>Deaminate protein byproducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of stomach contents entering which part of the small intestine?

<p>Duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potentially life-threatening side effect should clients be monitored for after receiving medication before an ERCP?

<p>Nervous system depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in cholesterol level may indicate which condition?

<p>Pancreatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for serum ammonia level?

<p>10 to 80 mcg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic procedure provides a non-invasive, cross-sectional view to detect tissue densities in the abdomen?

<p>Computed Tomography (CT) scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first main function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

<p>Ingestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the main functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

<p>Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves breaking down food into smaller molecules?

<p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process of the GI system by which nutrients move from the digestive tract into the bloodstream?

<p>Absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the elimination of waste products from the body?

<p>Excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first main function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

<p>Ingestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liver Functions

Largest gland, filters blood, stores vitamins, and produces bile for fat emulsification.

Kupffer Cells

Cells in the liver that remove bacteria from portal venous blood.

Hepatic Ducts

Ducts delivering bile to the gallbladder (via the cystic duct) and duodenum (via the common bile duct).

Gallbladder Function

Stores & concentrates bile, releasing it into the duodenum for fat digestion.

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Cholecystokinin

Stimulates gallbladder contraction and Sphincter of Oddi relaxation when fat is in the duodenum.

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Pancreas Function

Neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum and contains enzymes for digesting carbs, fats, and proteins.

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Proteases (Trypsin & Chymotrypsin)

Breaks down proteins.

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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

Examines hepatobiliary system using a flexible endoscope from esophagus to duodenum.

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What is a CT scan?

Imaging technique that may or may not require contrast medium to visualize internal structures.

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What is a Liver Biopsy?

Procedure involving the insertion of a needle through the abdominal wall to extract a liver tissue sample for examination.

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What does elevated Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) indicate?

Elevated levels indicate liver damage or biliary obstruction.

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What do elevated AST/SGOT levels indicate?

Elevated levels suggest damage.

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What do elevated ALT/SGPT levels indicate?

Elevated levels suggest damage.

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What does prolonged Prothrombin Time indicate?

Prolonged time indicates liver damage.

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What does an increase in serum ammonia indicate?

Increased levels indicate the liver's inability to deaminate protein byproducts.

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What does an increase in cholesterol level indicate?

Increased levels indicate pancreatitis or biliary obstruction.

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Ingestion

The process of taking food or drink into the body through the mouth.

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Digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Absorption

The process by which nutrients pass from the digestive system into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

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Excretion

The process of eliminating waste products of digestion from the body.

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GI System Main Function

The primary function of the GI system is to facilitate nutrient consumption, processing and assimilation to sustain life

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What is Ingestion?

Taking food into the body.

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What is Digestion?

Breaking down food into smaller, absorbable components.

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What is Absorption?

Transfer of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph.

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What is Excretion?

Eliminating undigested waste from the body.

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What is the main function of the GI system?

To facilitate nutrient consumption, processing and assimilation to sustain life

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver

  • Weighing 1.4 to 1.8 kg, the liver, the body's largest gland, is crucial in metabolism and regulation processes
  • Kupffer cells aid in removing bacteria from portal venous blood
  • Excess glucose and amino acids get removed
  • Synthesis of glucose, fats, and amino acids takes place
  • The liver helps with protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion
  • While blood is processing 200-400mL can be stored
  • Vitamins A, D, B, and iron are stored
  • For fat breakdown, the liver releases 500 to 1000 mL of bile each day
  • Via the cystic duct to the gallbladder and the common bile duct, bile gets brought to the duodenum via a set of hepatic ducts.
  • At the ampulla of Vater, the common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct in the duodenum.
  • The sphincter guards against intestinal contents going into the pancreatic and common bile ducts

Gallbladder

  • It concentrates the bile and stores it and as fats digest in the duodenum, the the bile secretion occurs
  • A common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic and hepatic ducts.
  • The duodenum is entered via the Sphincter of Oddi
  • In response to the presence of fats in the duodenum, cholecystokinin is released that causes contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi.

Pancreas (Exocrine Gland)

  • For neutralizing acid, sodium bicarbonate is secreted from stomach contents entering the duodenum
  • Enzymes for digesting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are present in pancreatic fluids
  • Proteins are digested with Protease (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin)
  • Fats are digested with Lipase
  • Carbohydrates are digested with Amylase

Diagnostic Procedures

  • The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) process involves examining hepatobiliary function
  • With a flexible endoscope through the esophagus to the descending duodenum
  • The endoscope has to pass through with various position changes taking place
  • If meds are used prior to a procedure, hypotension is of concern with respiratory/nervous depression taking place
  • Detection of tissue density in areas of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and biliary tree can be done with Non-invasive CT Scan (Computed Tomography).
  • CT imaging may be conducted through contrast or without.
  • The tissue sample from the liver is obtained with needle insertion during liver biopsy

Liver and Pancreas Laboratory Studies

  • The liver enzymes signify liver and bilary issues
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)'s regular finding is 35-120 U/L
  • Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT)'s regular finding is 7-40 U/mL or 8-20 U/L -Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT)'s regular finding is 10-40 U/mL or 5-20 U/L
  • Higher prothrombin indicates liver failure with 11-12.5 seconds as the standard.
  • Liver deamination function assessment can be done with ammonia serum levels
  • 10 to 80 mcg/dL (6 to 47 mcmol/L) is the standard range
  • May cause pancreatitis and bilary obstructions if cholesterol levels are high
  • Should stay less than 200mg/dL(<5mmol/L)
  • May occur from liver or bile issues from Bilirubin increases
  • Standard values:
    • 0.3 to 1 mg/dL (5.1 to 17 mcmol/L) are the standard totals
    • Indirect standards are at the 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dL (3.4 to 12 mcmol/L) range
    • Direct standards are at the 0.1 to 0.3mg/dL interval
  • Pancreatitis is indicated with amylase and lipase increases
  • Ranges for amylase vary typically from 60 to 120 Somogyi units/dL (30 to 220 U/L; Over 450U/L shows pancreatic damage
  • Ranges for Lipase varies can be any measure from 0 to 160 U/L; Over 400 U/L can indicate pancreatic damage

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Description

Test your knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and function of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. This quiz covers bile secretion, enzyme production, diagnostic tests, and potential complications related to these organs.

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